LayerAndLoadersTest.java

/*
 * Copyright (c) 2015, 2017, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
 * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
 *
 * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
 * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
 * published by the Free Software Foundation.
 *
 * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
 * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
 * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
 * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
 * accompanied this code).
 *
 * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
 * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
 * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
 *
 * Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
 * or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
 * questions.
 */

/**
 * @test
 * @library /test/lib
 * @modules jdk.compiler
 * @build LayerAndLoadersTest
 *        jdk.test.lib.compiler.CompilerUtils
 *        jdk.test.lib.util.ModuleUtils
 * @run testng LayerAndLoadersTest
 * @summary Tests for java.lang.ModuleLayer@defineModulesWithXXX methods
 */

import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStream;
import java.io.UncheckedIOException;
import java.lang.module.Configuration;
import java.lang.module.ModuleDescriptor;
import java.lang.module.ModuleFinder;
import java.lang.module.ModuleReference;
import java.lang.module.ResolvedModule;
import java.lang.reflect.Method;
import java.net.URL;
import java.nio.file.Path;
import java.nio.file.Paths;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Enumeration;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Iterator;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.Optional;
import java.util.ServiceLoader;
import java.util.Set;
import java.util.stream.Collectors;

import jdk.test.lib.compiler.CompilerUtils;
import jdk.test.lib.util.ModuleUtils;

import org.testng.annotations.BeforeTest;
import org.testng.annotations.Test;
import static org.testng.Assert.*;

@Test
public class LayerAndLoadersTest {

    private static final String TEST_SRC = System.getProperty("test.src");

    private static final Path SRC_DIR = Paths.get(TEST_SRC, "src");
    private static final Path MODS_DIR = Paths.get("mods");

    @BeforeTest
    public void setup() throws Exception {
        // javac -d mods --module-source-path src src/**
        assertTrue(CompilerUtils.compile(SRC_DIR, MODS_DIR,
                "--module-source-path", SRC_DIR.toString()));
    }


    /**
     * Basic test of ModuleLayer.defineModulesWithOneLoader
     *
     * Test scenario:
     * m1 requires m2 and m3
     */
    public void testWithOneLoader() throws Exception {
        Configuration cf = resolve("m1");

        ClassLoader scl = ClassLoader.getSystemClassLoader();

        ModuleLayer layer = ModuleLayer.boot().defineModulesWithOneLoader(cf, scl);

        checkLayer(layer, "m1", "m2", "m3");

        ClassLoader cl1 = layer.findLoader("m1");
        ClassLoader cl2 = layer.findLoader("m2");
        ClassLoader cl3 = layer.findLoader("m3");

        assertTrue(cl1.getParent() == scl);
        assertTrue(cl2 == cl1);
        assertTrue(cl3 == cl1);

        invoke(layer, "m1", "p.Main");
    }


    /**
     * Basic test of ModuleLayer.defineModulesWithManyLoaders
     *
     * Test scenario:
     * m1 requires m2 and m3
     */
    public void testWithManyLoaders() throws Exception {
        Configuration cf = resolve("m1");

        ClassLoader scl = ClassLoader.getSystemClassLoader();

        ModuleLayer layer = ModuleLayer.boot().defineModulesWithManyLoaders(cf, scl);

        checkLayer(layer, "m1", "m2", "m3");

        ClassLoader cl1 = layer.findLoader("m1");
        ClassLoader cl2 = layer.findLoader("m2");
        ClassLoader cl3 = layer.findLoader("m3");

        assertTrue(cl1.getParent() == scl);
        assertTrue(cl2.getParent() == scl);
        assertTrue(cl3.getParent() == scl);
        assertTrue(cl2 != cl1);
        assertTrue(cl3 != cl1);
        assertTrue(cl3 != cl2);

        invoke(layer, "m1", "p.Main");
    }


    /**
     * Basic test of ModuleLayer.defineModulesWithOneLoader where one of the
     * modules is a service provider module.
     *
     * Test scenario:
     * m1 requires m2 and m3
     * m1 uses S
     * m4 provides S with ...
     */
    public void testServicesWithOneLoader() throws Exception {
        Configuration cf = resolveAndBind("m1");

        ClassLoader scl = ClassLoader.getSystemClassLoader();

        ModuleLayer layer = ModuleLayer.boot().defineModulesWithOneLoader(cf, scl);

        checkLayer(layer, "m1", "m2", "m3", "m4");

        ClassLoader cl1 = layer.findLoader("m1");
        ClassLoader cl2 = layer.findLoader("m2");
        ClassLoader cl3 = layer.findLoader("m3");
        ClassLoader cl4 = layer.findLoader("m4");

        assertTrue(cl1.getParent() == scl);
        assertTrue(cl2 == cl1);
        assertTrue(cl3 == cl1);
        assertTrue(cl4 == cl1);

        Class<?> serviceType = cl1.loadClass("p.Service");
        assertTrue(serviceType.getClassLoader() == cl1);

        Iterator<?> iter = ServiceLoader.load(serviceType, cl1).iterator();
        Object provider = iter.next();
        assertTrue(serviceType.isInstance(provider));
        assertTrue(provider.getClass().getClassLoader() == cl1);
        assertFalse(iter.hasNext());
    }


    /**
     * Basic test of ModuleLayer.defineModulesWithManyLoaders where one of the
     * modules is a service provider module.
     *
     * Test scenario:
     * m1 requires m2 and m3
     * m1 uses S
     * m4 provides S with ...
     */
    public void testServicesWithManyLoaders() throws Exception {
        Configuration cf = resolveAndBind("m1");

        ClassLoader scl = ClassLoader.getSystemClassLoader();

        ModuleLayer layer = ModuleLayer.boot().defineModulesWithManyLoaders(cf, scl);

        checkLayer(layer, "m1", "m2", "m3", "m4");

        ClassLoader cl1 = layer.findLoader("m1");
        ClassLoader cl2 = layer.findLoader("m2");
        ClassLoader cl3 = layer.findLoader("m3");
        ClassLoader cl4 = layer.findLoader("m4");

        assertTrue(cl1.getParent() == scl);
        assertTrue(cl2.getParent() == scl);
        assertTrue(cl3.getParent() == scl);
        assertTrue(cl4.getParent() == scl);
        assertTrue(cl2 != cl1);
        assertTrue(cl3 != cl1);
        assertTrue(cl3 != cl2);
        assertTrue(cl4 != cl1);
        assertTrue(cl4 != cl2);
        assertTrue(cl4 != cl3);

        Class<?> serviceType = cl1.loadClass("p.Service");
        assertTrue(serviceType.getClassLoader() == cl1);

        // Test that the service provider can be located via any of
        // the class loaders in the layer
        for (Module m : layer.modules()) {
            ClassLoader loader = m.getClassLoader();
            Iterator<?> iter = ServiceLoader.load(serviceType, loader).iterator();
            Object provider = iter.next();
            assertTrue(serviceType.isInstance(provider));
            assertTrue(provider.getClass().getClassLoader() == cl4);
            assertFalse(iter.hasNext());
        }
    }


    /**
     * Tests that the class loaders created by defineModulesWithXXX delegate
     * to the given parent class loader.
     */
    public void testDelegationToParent() throws Exception {
        Configuration cf = resolve("m1");

        ClassLoader parent = this.getClass().getClassLoader();
        String cn = this.getClass().getName();

        // one loader
        ModuleLayer layer = ModuleLayer.boot().defineModulesWithOneLoader(cf, parent);
        testLoad(layer, cn);

        // one loader with boot loader as parent
        layer = ModuleLayer.boot().defineModulesWithOneLoader(cf, null);
        testLoadFail(layer, cn);

        // many loaders
        layer = ModuleLayer.boot().defineModulesWithManyLoaders(cf, parent);
        testLoad(layer, cn);

        // many loader with boot loader as parent
        layer = ModuleLayer.boot().defineModulesWithManyLoaders(cf, null);
        testLoadFail(layer, cn);
    }


    /**
     * Test defineModulesWithXXX when modules that have overlapping packages.
     *
     * Test scenario:
     * m1 exports p
     * m2 exports p
     */
    public void testOverlappingPackages() {
        ModuleDescriptor descriptor1
                = ModuleDescriptor.newModule("m1").exports("p").build();

        ModuleDescriptor descriptor2
                = ModuleDescriptor.newModule("m2").exports("p").build();

        ModuleFinder finder = ModuleUtils.finderOf(descriptor1, descriptor2);

        Configuration cf = ModuleLayer.boot()
                .configuration()
                .resolve(finder, ModuleFinder.of(), Set.of("m1", "m2"));

        // cannot define both module m1 and m2 to the same class loader
        try {
            ModuleLayer.boot().defineModulesWithOneLoader(cf, null);
            assertTrue(false);
        } catch (LayerInstantiationException expected) { }

        // should be okay to have one module per class loader
        ModuleLayer layer = ModuleLayer.boot().defineModulesWithManyLoaders(cf, null);
        checkLayer(layer, "m1", "m2");
    }


    /**
     * Test ModuleLayer.defineModulesWithXXX with split delegation.
     *
     * Test scenario:
     * layer1: m1 exports p, m2 exports p
     * layer2: m3 reads m1, m4 reads m2
     */
    public void testSplitDelegation() {
        ModuleDescriptor descriptor1
                = ModuleDescriptor.newModule("m1").exports("p").build();

        ModuleDescriptor descriptor2
                = ModuleDescriptor.newModule("m2").exports("p").build();

        ModuleFinder finder1 = ModuleUtils.finderOf(descriptor1, descriptor2);

        Configuration cf1 = ModuleLayer.boot()
                .configuration()
                .resolve(finder1, ModuleFinder.of(), Set.of("m1", "m2"));

        ModuleLayer layer1 = ModuleLayer.boot().defineModulesWithManyLoaders(cf1, null);
        checkLayer(layer1, "m1", "m2");

        ModuleDescriptor descriptor3
                = ModuleDescriptor.newModule("m3").requires("m1").build();

        ModuleDescriptor descriptor4
                = ModuleDescriptor.newModule("m4").requires("m2").build();

        ModuleFinder finder2 = ModuleUtils.finderOf(descriptor3, descriptor4);

        Configuration cf2 = cf1.resolve(finder2, ModuleFinder.of(),
                Set.of("m3", "m4"));

        // package p cannot be supplied by two class loaders
        try {
            layer1.defineModulesWithOneLoader(cf2, null);
            assertTrue(false);
        } catch (LayerInstantiationException expected) { }

        // no split delegation when modules have their own class loader
        ModuleLayer layer2 = layer1.defineModulesWithManyLoaders(cf2, null);
        checkLayer(layer2, "m3", "m4");
    }


    /**
     * Test ModuleLayer.defineModulesWithXXX when the modules that override same
     * named modules in the parent layer.
     *
     * Test scenario:
     * layer1: m1, m2, m3 => same loader
     * layer2: m1, m2, m4 => same loader
     */
    public void testOverriding1() throws Exception {
        Configuration cf1 = resolve("m1");

        ModuleLayer layer1 = ModuleLayer.boot().defineModulesWithOneLoader(cf1, null);
        checkLayer(layer1, "m1", "m2", "m3");

        ModuleFinder finder = ModuleFinder.of(MODS_DIR);
        Configuration cf2 = cf1.resolve(finder, ModuleFinder.of(),
                Set.of("m1"));

        ModuleLayer layer2 = layer1.defineModulesWithOneLoader(cf2, null);
        checkLayer(layer2, "m1", "m2", "m3");
        invoke(layer1, "m1", "p.Main");

        ClassLoader loader1 = layer1.findLoader("m1");
        ClassLoader loader2 = layer1.findLoader("m2");
        ClassLoader loader3 = layer1.findLoader("m3");

        ClassLoader loader4 = layer2.findLoader("m1");
        ClassLoader loader5 = layer2.findLoader("m2");
        ClassLoader loader6 = layer2.findLoader("m3");

        assertTrue(loader1 == loader2);
        assertTrue(loader1 == loader3);

        assertTrue(loader4 == loader5);
        assertTrue(loader4 == loader6);
        assertTrue(loader4 != loader1);

        assertTrue(loader1.loadClass("p.Main").getClassLoader() == loader1);
        assertTrue(loader1.loadClass("q.Hello").getClassLoader() == loader1);
        assertTrue(loader1.loadClass("w.Hello").getClassLoader() == loader1);

        assertTrue(loader4.loadClass("p.Main").getClassLoader() == loader4);
        assertTrue(loader4.loadClass("q.Hello").getClassLoader() == loader4);
        assertTrue(loader4.loadClass("w.Hello").getClassLoader() == loader4);
    }


    /**
     * Test Layer defineModulesWithXXX when the modules that override same
     * named modules in the parent layer.
     *
     * Test scenario:
     * layer1: m1, m2, m3 => loader pool
     * layer2: m1, m2, m3 => loader pool
     */
    public void testOverriding2() throws Exception {
        Configuration cf1 = resolve("m1");

        ModuleLayer layer1 = ModuleLayer.boot().defineModulesWithManyLoaders(cf1, null);
        checkLayer(layer1, "m1", "m2", "m3");

        ModuleFinder finder = ModuleFinder.of(MODS_DIR);
        Configuration cf2 = cf1.resolve(finder, ModuleFinder.of(),
                Set.of("m1"));

        ModuleLayer layer2 = layer1.defineModulesWithManyLoaders(cf2, null);
        checkLayer(layer2, "m1", "m2", "m3");
        invoke(layer1, "m1", "p.Main");

        ClassLoader loader1 = layer1.findLoader("m1");
        ClassLoader loader2 = layer1.findLoader("m2");
        ClassLoader loader3 = layer1.findLoader("m3");

        ClassLoader loader4 = layer2.findLoader("m1");
        ClassLoader loader5 = layer2.findLoader("m2");
        ClassLoader loader6 = layer2.findLoader("m3");

        assertTrue(loader4 != loader1);
        assertTrue(loader5 != loader2);
        assertTrue(loader6 != loader3);

        assertTrue(loader1.loadClass("p.Main").getClassLoader() == loader1);
        assertTrue(loader1.loadClass("q.Hello").getClassLoader() == loader2);
        assertTrue(loader1.loadClass("w.Hello").getClassLoader() == loader3);

        // p.Main is not visible via loader2
        try {
            loader2.loadClass("p.Main");
            assertTrue(false);
        } catch (ClassNotFoundException expected) { }

        // w.Hello is not visible via loader2
        try {
            loader2.loadClass("w.Hello");
            assertTrue(false);
        } catch (ClassNotFoundException expected) { }

        // p.Main is not visible via loader3
        try {
            loader3.loadClass("p.Main");
            assertTrue(false);
        } catch (ClassNotFoundException expected) { }

        // q.Hello is not visible via loader3
        try {
            loader3.loadClass("q.Hello");
            assertTrue(false);
        } catch (ClassNotFoundException expected) { }


        assertTrue(loader4.loadClass("p.Main").getClassLoader() == loader4);
        assertTrue(loader5.loadClass("q.Hello").getClassLoader() == loader5);
        assertTrue(loader6.loadClass("w.Hello").getClassLoader() == loader6);

        // p.Main is not visible via loader5
        try {
            loader5.loadClass("p.Main");
            assertTrue(false);
        } catch (ClassNotFoundException expected) { }

        // w.Hello is not visible via loader5
        try {
            loader5.loadClass("w.Hello");
            assertTrue(false);
        } catch (ClassNotFoundException expected) { }

        // p.Main is not visible via loader6
        try {
            loader6.loadClass("p.Main");
            assertTrue(false);
        } catch (ClassNotFoundException expected) { }

        // q.Hello is not visible via loader6
        try {
            loader6.loadClass("q.Hello");
            assertTrue(false);
        } catch (ClassNotFoundException expected) { }
    }


    /**
     * Test ModuleLayer.defineModulesWithXXX when the modules that override same
     * named modules in the parent layer.
     *
     * layer1: m1, m2, m3 => same loader
     * layer2: m1, m3 => same loader
     */
    public void testOverriding3() throws Exception {
        Configuration cf1 = resolve("m1");

        ModuleLayer layer1 = ModuleLayer.boot().defineModulesWithOneLoader(cf1, null);
        checkLayer(layer1, "m1", "m2", "m3");

        ModuleFinder finder = finderFor("m1", "m3");

        Configuration cf2 = cf1.resolve(finder, ModuleFinder.of(),
                Set.of("m1"));

        ModuleLayer layer2 = layer1.defineModulesWithOneLoader(cf2, null);
        checkLayer(layer2, "m1", "m3");
        invoke(layer1, "m1", "p.Main");

        ClassLoader loader1 = layer1.findLoader("m1");
        ClassLoader loader2 = layer2.findLoader("m1");

        assertTrue(loader1.loadClass("p.Main").getClassLoader() == loader1);
        assertTrue(loader1.loadClass("q.Hello").getClassLoader() == loader1);
        assertTrue(loader1.loadClass("w.Hello").getClassLoader() == loader1);

        assertTrue(loader2.loadClass("p.Main").getClassLoader() == loader2);
        assertTrue(loader2.loadClass("q.Hello").getClassLoader() == loader1);
        assertTrue(loader2.loadClass("w.Hello").getClassLoader() == loader2);
    }


    /**
     * Test Layer defineModulesWithXXX when the modules that override same
     * named modules in the parent layer.
     *
     * layer1: m1, m2, m3 => loader pool
     * layer2: m1, m3 => loader pool
     */
    public void testOverriding4() throws Exception {
        Configuration cf1 = resolve("m1");

        ModuleLayer layer1 = ModuleLayer.boot().defineModulesWithManyLoaders(cf1, null);
        checkLayer(layer1, "m1", "m2", "m3");

        ModuleFinder finder = finderFor("m1", "m3");

        Configuration cf2 = cf1.resolve(finder, ModuleFinder.of(),
                Set.of("m1"));

        ModuleLayer layer2 = layer1.defineModulesWithManyLoaders(cf2, null);
        checkLayer(layer2, "m1", "m3");
        invoke(layer1, "m1", "p.Main");

        ClassLoader loader1 = layer1.findLoader("m1");
        ClassLoader loader2 = layer1.findLoader("m2");
        ClassLoader loader3 = layer1.findLoader("m3");

        ClassLoader loader4 = layer2.findLoader("m1");
        ClassLoader loader5 = layer2.findLoader("m2");
        ClassLoader loader6 = layer2.findLoader("m3");

        assertTrue(loader4 != loader1);
        assertTrue(loader5 == loader2);  // m2 not overridden
        assertTrue(loader6 != loader3);

        assertTrue(loader1.loadClass("p.Main").getClassLoader() == loader1);
        assertTrue(loader1.loadClass("q.Hello").getClassLoader() == loader2);
        assertTrue(loader1.loadClass("w.Hello").getClassLoader() == loader3);

        assertTrue(loader2.loadClass("q.Hello").getClassLoader() == loader2);

        assertTrue(loader3.loadClass("w.Hello").getClassLoader() == loader3);

        assertTrue(loader4.loadClass("p.Main").getClassLoader() == loader4);
        assertTrue(loader4.loadClass("q.Hello").getClassLoader() == loader2);
        assertTrue(loader4.loadClass("w.Hello").getClassLoader() == loader6);

        assertTrue(loader6.loadClass("w.Hello").getClassLoader() == loader6);
    }

    /**
     * Basic test for locating resources with a class loader created by
     * defineModulesWithOneLoader.
     */
    public void testResourcesWithOneLoader() throws Exception {
        testResourcesWithOneLoader(ClassLoader.getSystemClassLoader());
        testResourcesWithOneLoader(null);
    }

    /**
     * Test locating resources with the class loader created by
     * defineModulesWithOneLoader. The class loader has the given class
     * loader as its parent.
     */
    void testResourcesWithOneLoader(ClassLoader parent) throws Exception {
        Configuration cf = resolve("m1");
        ModuleLayer layer = ModuleLayer.boot().defineModulesWithOneLoader(cf, parent);

        ClassLoader loader = layer.findLoader("m1");
        assertNotNull(loader);
        assertTrue(loader.getParent() == parent);

        // check that getResource and getResources are consistent
        URL url1 = loader.getResource("module-info.class");
        URL url2 = loader.getResources("module-info.class").nextElement();
        assertEquals(url1.toURI(), url2.toURI());

        // use getResources to find module-info.class resources
        Enumeration<URL> urls = loader.getResources("module-info.class");
        List<String> list = readModuleNames(urls);

        // m1, m2, ... should be first (order not specified)
        int count = cf.modules().size();
        cf.modules().stream()
                .map(ResolvedModule::name)
                .forEach(mn -> assertTrue(list.indexOf(mn) < count));

        // java.base should be after m1, m2, ...
        assertTrue(list.indexOf("java.base") >= count);

        // check resources(String)
        List<String> list2 = loader.resources("module-info.class")
                .map(this::readModuleName)
                .collect(Collectors.toList());
        assertEquals(list2, list);

        // check nulls
        try {
            loader.getResource(null);
            assertTrue(false);
        } catch (NullPointerException e) { }
        try {
            loader.getResources(null);
            assertTrue(false);
        } catch (NullPointerException e) { }
        try {
            loader.resources(null);
            assertTrue(false);
        } catch (NullPointerException e) { }
    }

    /**
     * Basic test for locating resources with class loaders created by
     * defineModulesWithManyLoaders.
     */
    public void testResourcesWithManyLoaders() throws Exception {
        testResourcesWithManyLoaders(ClassLoader.getSystemClassLoader());
        testResourcesWithManyLoaders(null);
    }

    /**
     * Test locating resources with class loaders created by
     * defineModulesWithManyLoaders. The class loaders have the given class
     * loader as their parent.
     */
    void testResourcesWithManyLoaders(ClassLoader parent) throws Exception {
        Configuration cf = resolve("m1");
        ModuleLayer layer = ModuleLayer.boot().defineModulesWithManyLoaders(cf, parent);

        for (Module m : layer.modules()) {
            String name = m.getName();
            ClassLoader loader = m.getClassLoader();
            assertNotNull(loader);
            assertTrue(loader.getParent() == parent);

            // getResource should find the module-info.class for the module
            URL url = loader.getResource("module-info.class");
            assertEquals(readModuleName(url), name);

            // list of modules names read from module-info.class
            Enumeration<URL> urls = loader.getResources("module-info.class");
            List<String> list = readModuleNames(urls);

            // module should be the first element
            assertTrue(list.indexOf(name) == 0);

            // the module-info.class for the other modules in the layer
            // should not be found
            layer.modules().stream()
                    .map(Module::getName)
                    .filter(mn -> !mn.equals(name))
                    .forEach(mn -> assertTrue(list.indexOf(mn) < 0));

            // java.base cannot be the first element
            assertTrue(list.indexOf("java.base") > 0);

            // check resources(String)
            List<String> list2 = loader.resources("module-info.class")
                    .map(this::readModuleName)
                    .collect(Collectors.toList());
            assertEquals(list2, list);

            // check nulls
            try {
                loader.getResource(null);
                assertTrue(false);
            } catch (NullPointerException e) { }
            try {
                loader.getResources(null);
                assertTrue(false);
            } catch (NullPointerException e) { }
            try {
                loader.resources(null);
                assertTrue(false);
            } catch (NullPointerException e) { }
        }
    }

    private List<String> readModuleNames(Enumeration<URL> e) {
        List<String> list = new ArrayList<>();
        while (e.hasMoreElements()) {
            URL url = e.nextElement();
            list.add(readModuleName(url));
        }
        return list;
    }

    private String readModuleName(URL url) {
        try (InputStream in = url.openStream()) {
            ModuleDescriptor descriptor = ModuleDescriptor.read(in);
            return descriptor.name();
        } catch (IOException ioe) {
            throw new UncheckedIOException(ioe);
        }
    }


    // -- supporting methods --


    /**
     * Resolve the given modules, by name, and returns the resulting
     * Configuration.
     */
    private static Configuration resolve(String... roots) {
        ModuleFinder finder = ModuleFinder.of(MODS_DIR);
        return ModuleLayer.boot()
            .configuration()
            .resolve(finder, ModuleFinder.of(), Set.of(roots));
    }

    /**
     * Resolve the given modules, by name, and returns the resulting
     * Configuration.
     */
    private static Configuration resolveAndBind(String... roots) {
        ModuleFinder finder = ModuleFinder.of(MODS_DIR);
        return ModuleLayer.boot()
            .configuration()
            .resolveAndBind(finder, ModuleFinder.of(), Set.of(roots));
    }


    /**
     * Invokes the static void main(String[]) method on the given class
     * in the given module.
     */
    private static void invoke(ModuleLayer layer, String mn, String mc) throws Exception {
        ClassLoader loader = layer.findLoader(mn);
        Class<?> c = loader.loadClass(mc);
        Method mainMethod = c.getMethod("main", String[].class);
        mainMethod.invoke(null, (Object)new String[0]);
    }


    /**
     * Checks that the given layer contains exactly the expected modules
     * (by name).
     */
    private void checkLayer(ModuleLayer layer, String ... expected) {
        Set<String> names = layer.modules().stream()
                .map(Module::getName)
                .collect(Collectors.toSet());
        assertTrue(names.size() == expected.length);
        for (String name : expected) {
            assertTrue(names.contains(name));
        }
    }


    /**
     * Test that a class can be loaded via the class loader of all modules
     * in the given layer.
     */
    static void testLoad(ModuleLayer layer, String cn) throws Exception {
        for (Module m : layer.modules()) {
            ClassLoader l = m.getClassLoader();
            l.loadClass(cn);
        }
    }


    /**
     * Test that a class cannot be loaded via any of the class loaders of
     * the modules in the given layer.
     */
    static void testLoadFail(ModuleLayer layer, String cn) throws Exception {
        for (Module m : layer.modules()) {
            ClassLoader l = m.getClassLoader();
            try {
                l.loadClass(cn);
                assertTrue(false);
            } catch (ClassNotFoundException expected) { }
        }
    }


    /**
     * Returns a ModuleFinder that only finds the given test modules
     */
    static ModuleFinder finderFor(String... names) {

        ModuleFinder finder = ModuleFinder.of(MODS_DIR);

        Map<String, ModuleReference> mrefs = new HashMap<>();
        for (String name : names) {
            Optional<ModuleReference> omref = finder.find(name);
            assert omref.isPresent();
            mrefs.put(name, omref.get());
        }

        return new ModuleFinder() {
            @Override
            public Optional<ModuleReference> find(String name) {
                ModuleReference mref = mrefs.get(name);
                return Optional.ofNullable(mref);
            }
            @Override
            public Set<ModuleReference> findAll() {
                return mrefs.values().stream().collect(Collectors.toSet());
            }
        };
    }

}