VulkanContext.cpp

#define __STDC_LIMIT_MACROS

#include <cstdlib>
#include <cstdint>
#include <cstring>
#include <iostream>

#include "Core/Config.h"
#include "Common/System/System.h"
#include "Common/System/Display.h"
#include "Common/Log.h"
#include "Common/GPU/Shader.h"
#include "Common/GPU/Vulkan/VulkanContext.h"
#include "Common/GPU/Vulkan/VulkanDebug.h"
#include "Common/StringUtils.h"

#ifdef USE_CRT_DBG
#undef new
#endif

#include "ext/vma/vk_mem_alloc.h"


// Change this to 1, 2, and 3 to fake failures in a few places, so that
// we can test our fallback-to-GL code.
#define SIMULATE_VULKAN_FAILURE 0

#include "ext/glslang/SPIRV/GlslangToSpv.h"

#ifdef USE_CRT_DBG
#define new DBG_NEW
#endif

using namespace PPSSPP_VK;

VulkanLogOptions g_LogOptions;

static const char * const validationLayers[] = {
	"VK_LAYER_KHRONOS_validation",
	/*
	// For layers included in the Android NDK.
	"VK_LAYER_GOOGLE_threading",
	"VK_LAYER_LUNARG_parameter_validation",
	"VK_LAYER_LUNARG_core_validation",
	"VK_LAYER_LUNARG_image",
	"VK_LAYER_LUNARG_object_tracker",
	"VK_LAYER_LUNARG_swapchain",
	"VK_LAYER_GOOGLE_unique_objects",
	*/
};

std::string VulkanVendorString(uint32_t vendorId) {
	switch (vendorId) {
	case VULKAN_VENDOR_INTEL: return "Intel";
	case VULKAN_VENDOR_NVIDIA: return "NVIDIA";
	case VULKAN_VENDOR_AMD: return "AMD";
	case VULKAN_VENDOR_ARM: return "ARM";
	case VULKAN_VENDOR_QUALCOMM: return "Qualcomm";
	case VULKAN_VENDOR_IMGTEC: return "Imagination";
	case VULKAN_VENDOR_APPLE: return "Apple";
	case VULKAN_VENDOR_MESA: return "Mesa";
	default:
		return StringFromFormat("%08x", vendorId);
	}
}

const char *VulkanPresentModeToString(VkPresentModeKHR presentMode) {
	switch (presentMode) {
	case VK_PRESENT_MODE_IMMEDIATE_KHR: return "IMMEDIATE";
	case VK_PRESENT_MODE_MAILBOX_KHR: return "MAILBOX";
	case VK_PRESENT_MODE_FIFO_KHR: return "FIFO";
	case VK_PRESENT_MODE_FIFO_RELAXED_KHR: return "FIFO_RELAXED";
	case VK_PRESENT_MODE_SHARED_DEMAND_REFRESH_KHR: return "SHARED_DEMAND_REFRESH_KHR";
	case VK_PRESENT_MODE_SHARED_CONTINUOUS_REFRESH_KHR: return "SHARED_CONTINUOUS_REFRESH_KHR";
	default: return "UNKNOWN";
	}
}

const char *VulkanImageLayoutToString(VkImageLayout imageLayout) {
	switch (imageLayout) {
	case VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED: return "UNDEFINED";
	case VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_GENERAL: return "GENERAL";
	case VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_PREINITIALIZED: return "PREINITIALIZED";
	case VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_SRC_OPTIMAL: return "TRANSFER_SRC_OPTIMAL";
	case VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL: return "TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL";
	case VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_SHADER_READ_ONLY_OPTIMAL: return "SHADER_READ_ONLY_OPTIMAL";
	case VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL: return "COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL";
	case VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL: return "DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL";
	default: return "OTHER";
	}
}

VulkanContext::VulkanContext() {
	// Do nothing here.
}

VkResult VulkanContext::CreateInstance(const CreateInfo &info) {
	if (!vkCreateInstance) {
		init_error_ = "Vulkan not loaded - can't create instance";
		return VK_ERROR_INITIALIZATION_FAILED;
	}

	if (info.flags & VulkanInitFlags::DISABLE_IMPLICIT_LAYERS) {
		// https://github.com/KhronosGroup/Vulkan-Loader/blob/main/docs/LoaderDebugging.md
#if PPSSPP_PLATFORM(WINDOWS)
#if !PPSSPP_PLATFORM(UWP)
		// Windows uses _putenv_s
		_putenv_s("VK_LOADER_LAYERS_DISABLE", "~implicit~");
#endif
#else
		// POSIX: use setenv
		setenv("VK_LOADER_LAYERS_DISABLE", "~implicit~", 1);  // overwrite = 1
#endif
	}

	// Check which Vulkan version we should request.
	// Our code is fine with any version from 1.0 to 1.2, we don't know about higher versions.
	vulkanInstanceApiVersion_ = VK_API_VERSION_1_0;
	if (vkEnumerateInstanceVersion) {
		vkEnumerateInstanceVersion(&vulkanInstanceApiVersion_);
		vulkanInstanceApiVersion_ &= 0xFFFFF000;  // Remove patch version.
		vulkanInstanceApiVersion_ = std::min(VK_API_VERSION_1_4, vulkanInstanceApiVersion_);
		std::string versionString = FormatAPIVersion(vulkanInstanceApiVersion_);
		INFO_LOG(Log::G3D, "Detected Vulkan API version: %s", versionString.c_str());
	}

	instance_layer_names_.clear();
	device_layer_names_.clear();

	// We can get the list of layers and extensions without an instance so we can use this information
	// to enable the extensions we need that are available.
	GetInstanceLayerProperties();
	GetInstanceLayerExtensionList(nullptr, instance_extension_properties_);

	if (!IsInstanceExtensionAvailable(VK_KHR_SURFACE_EXTENSION_NAME)) {
		// Cannot create a Vulkan display without VK_KHR_SURFACE_EXTENSION.
		init_error_ = "Vulkan not loaded - no surface extension";
		return VK_ERROR_INITIALIZATION_FAILED;
	}
	flags_ = info.flags;

	// List extensions to try to enable.
	instance_extensions_enabled_.push_back(VK_KHR_SURFACE_EXTENSION_NAME);
#ifdef _WIN32
	instance_extensions_enabled_.push_back(VK_KHR_WIN32_SURFACE_EXTENSION_NAME);
#elif defined(__ANDROID__)
	instance_extensions_enabled_.push_back(VK_KHR_ANDROID_SURFACE_EXTENSION_NAME);
#else
#if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_XLIB_KHR)
	if (IsInstanceExtensionAvailable(VK_KHR_XLIB_SURFACE_EXTENSION_NAME)) {
		instance_extensions_enabled_.push_back(VK_KHR_XLIB_SURFACE_EXTENSION_NAME);
	}
#endif
//#if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_XCB_KHR)
//	instance_extensions_enabled_.push_back(VK_KHR_XCB_SURFACE_EXTENSION_NAME);
//#endif
#if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_WAYLAND_KHR)
	if (IsInstanceExtensionAvailable(VK_KHR_WAYLAND_SURFACE_EXTENSION_NAME)) {
		instance_extensions_enabled_.push_back(VK_KHR_WAYLAND_SURFACE_EXTENSION_NAME);
	}
#endif
#if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_DISPLAY_KHR)
	if (IsInstanceExtensionAvailable(VK_KHR_DISPLAY_EXTENSION_NAME)) {
		instance_extensions_enabled_.push_back(VK_KHR_DISPLAY_EXTENSION_NAME);
	}
#endif
#if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_METAL_EXT)
	if (IsInstanceExtensionAvailable(VK_EXT_METAL_SURFACE_EXTENSION_NAME)) {
		instance_extensions_enabled_.push_back(VK_EXT_METAL_SURFACE_EXTENSION_NAME);
	}
#endif
#endif

	if ((flags_ & VulkanInitFlags::VALIDATE) && g_Config.sCustomDriver.empty()) {
		if (IsInstanceExtensionAvailable(VK_EXT_DEBUG_UTILS_EXTENSION_NAME)) {
			// Enable the validation layers
			for (size_t i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(validationLayers); i++) {
				instance_layer_names_.push_back(validationLayers[i]);
				device_layer_names_.push_back(validationLayers[i]);
			}
			instance_extensions_enabled_.push_back(VK_EXT_DEBUG_UTILS_EXTENSION_NAME);
			extensionsLookup_.EXT_debug_utils = true;
			INFO_LOG(Log::G3D, "Vulkan debug_utils validation enabled.");
		} else {
			ERROR_LOG(Log::G3D, "Validation layer extension not available - not enabling Vulkan validation.");
			flags_ &= ~VulkanInitFlags::VALIDATE;
		}
	}

	// Uncomment to test GPU backend fallback
	// abort();

	if (EnableInstanceExtension(VK_KHR_GET_PHYSICAL_DEVICE_PROPERTIES_2_EXTENSION_NAME, VK_API_VERSION_1_1)) {
		extensionsLookup_.KHR_get_physical_device_properties2 = true;
	}

	if (EnableInstanceExtension(VK_EXT_SWAPCHAIN_COLOR_SPACE_EXTENSION_NAME, 0)) {
		extensionsLookup_.EXT_swapchain_colorspace = true;
	}
#if PPSSPP_PLATFORM(IOS_APP_STORE)
	if (EnableInstanceExtension(VK_KHR_PORTABILITY_ENUMERATION_EXTENSION_NAME, 0)) {

	}
#endif

	// Validate that all the instance extensions we ask for are actually available.
	for (auto ext : instance_extensions_enabled_) {
		if (!IsInstanceExtensionAvailable(ext))
			WARN_LOG(Log::G3D, "WARNING: Does not seem that instance extension '%s' is available. Trying to proceed anyway.", ext);
	}

	VkApplicationInfo app_info{ VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_APPLICATION_INFO };
	app_info.pApplicationName = info.app_name;
	app_info.applicationVersion = info.app_ver;
	app_info.pEngineName = info.app_name;
	// Let's increment this when we make major engine/context changes.
	app_info.engineVersion = 2;
	app_info.apiVersion = vulkanInstanceApiVersion_;

	VkInstanceCreateInfo inst_info{ VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_INSTANCE_CREATE_INFO };
	inst_info.flags = 0;
	inst_info.pApplicationInfo = &app_info;
	inst_info.enabledLayerCount = (uint32_t)instance_layer_names_.size();
	inst_info.ppEnabledLayerNames = instance_layer_names_.size() ? instance_layer_names_.data() : nullptr;
	inst_info.enabledExtensionCount = (uint32_t)instance_extensions_enabled_.size();
	inst_info.ppEnabledExtensionNames = instance_extensions_enabled_.size() ? instance_extensions_enabled_.data() : nullptr;

#if PPSSPP_PLATFORM(IOS_APP_STORE)
	inst_info.flags |= VK_INSTANCE_CREATE_ENUMERATE_PORTABILITY_BIT_KHR;
#endif

#if SIMULATE_VULKAN_FAILURE == 2
	VkResult res = VK_ERROR_INCOMPATIBLE_DRIVER;
#else
	VkResult res = vkCreateInstance(&inst_info, nullptr, &instance_);
#endif
	if (res != VK_SUCCESS) {
		if (res == VK_ERROR_LAYER_NOT_PRESENT) {
			WARN_LOG(Log::G3D, "Validation on but instance layer not available - dropping layers");
			// Drop the validation layers and try again.
			instance_layer_names_.clear();
			device_layer_names_.clear();
			inst_info.enabledLayerCount = 0;
			inst_info.ppEnabledLayerNames = nullptr;
			res = vkCreateInstance(&inst_info, nullptr, &instance_);
			if (res != VK_SUCCESS)
				ERROR_LOG(Log::G3D, "Failed to create instance even without validation: %d", res);
		} else {
			ERROR_LOG(Log::G3D, "Failed to create instance : %d", res);
		}
	}
	if (res != VK_SUCCESS) {
		init_error_ = "Failed to create Vulkan instance";
		return res;
	}

	VulkanLoadInstanceFunctions(instance_, extensionsLookup_, vulkanInstanceApiVersion_);
	if (!CheckLayers(instance_layer_properties_, instance_layer_names_)) {
		WARN_LOG(Log::G3D, "CheckLayers for instance failed");
		// init_error_ = "Failed to validate instance layers";
		// return;
	}

	uint32_t gpu_count = 1;
#if SIMULATE_VULKAN_FAILURE == 3
	gpu_count = 0;
#else
	res = vkEnumeratePhysicalDevices(instance_, &gpu_count, nullptr);
#endif
	if (gpu_count <= 0) {
		ERROR_LOG(Log::G3D, "Vulkan driver found but no supported GPU is available");
		init_error_ = "No Vulkan physical devices found";
		vkDestroyInstance(instance_, nullptr);
		instance_ = nullptr;
		return VK_ERROR_INITIALIZATION_FAILED;
	}

	_dbg_assert_(gpu_count > 0);
	physical_devices_.resize(gpu_count);
	physicalDeviceProperties_.resize(gpu_count);
	res = vkEnumeratePhysicalDevices(instance_, &gpu_count, physical_devices_.data());
	if (res != VK_SUCCESS) {
		init_error_ = "Failed to enumerate physical devices";
		vkDestroyInstance(instance_, nullptr);
		instance_ = nullptr;
		return res;
	}

	if (extensionsLookup_.KHR_get_physical_device_properties2 && vkGetPhysicalDeviceProperties2) {
		for (uint32_t i = 0; i < gpu_count; i++) {
			VkPhysicalDeviceProperties2 props2{VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PHYSICAL_DEVICE_PROPERTIES_2};
			VkPhysicalDevicePushDescriptorPropertiesKHR pushProps{VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PHYSICAL_DEVICE_PUSH_DESCRIPTOR_PROPERTIES_KHR};
			VkPhysicalDeviceExternalMemoryHostPropertiesEXT extHostMemProps{VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PHYSICAL_DEVICE_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_HOST_PROPERTIES_EXT};
			VkPhysicalDeviceDepthStencilResolveProperties depthStencilResolveProps{VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PHYSICAL_DEVICE_DEPTH_STENCIL_RESOLVE_PROPERTIES};
			ChainStruct(props2, &pushProps);
			ChainStruct(props2, &extHostMemProps);
			ChainStruct(props2, &depthStencilResolveProps);
			vkGetPhysicalDeviceProperties2(physical_devices_[i], &props2);

			// Don't want bad pointers sitting around. Probably not really necessary.
			props2.pNext = nullptr;
			pushProps.pNext = nullptr;
			extHostMemProps.pNext = nullptr;
			depthStencilResolveProps.pNext = nullptr;
			physicalDeviceProperties_[i].properties = props2.properties;
			physicalDeviceProperties_[i].pushDescriptorProperties = pushProps;
			physicalDeviceProperties_[i].externalMemoryHostProperties = extHostMemProps;
			physicalDeviceProperties_[i].depthStencilResolve = depthStencilResolveProps;
		}
	} else {
		for (uint32_t i = 0; i < gpu_count; i++) {
			vkGetPhysicalDeviceProperties(physical_devices_[i], &physicalDeviceProperties_[i].properties);
		}
	}

	if (extensionsLookup_.EXT_debug_utils) {
		_assert_(vkCreateDebugUtilsMessengerEXT != nullptr);
		InitDebugUtilsCallback();
	}

	return VK_SUCCESS;
}

VulkanContext::~VulkanContext() {
	_dbg_assert_(instance_ == VK_NULL_HANDLE);
}

void VulkanContext::DestroyInstance() {
	if (extensionsLookup_.EXT_debug_utils) {
		while (utils_callbacks.size() > 0) {
			vkDestroyDebugUtilsMessengerEXT(instance_, utils_callbacks.back(), nullptr);
			utils_callbacks.pop_back();
		}
	}

	vkDestroyInstance(instance_, nullptr);
	VulkanFree();
	instance_ = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
}

void VulkanContext::BeginFrame(VkCommandBuffer firstCommandBuffer) {
	FrameData *frame = &frame_[curFrame_];
	// Process pending deletes.
	frame->deleteList.PerformDeletes(this, allocator_);
	// VK_NULL_HANDLE when profiler is disabled.
	if (firstCommandBuffer) {
		frame->profiler.BeginFrame(this, firstCommandBuffer);
	}
}

void VulkanContext::EndFrame() {
	frame_[curFrame_].deleteList.Take(globalDeleteList_);
	curFrame_++;
	if (curFrame_ >= inflightFrames_) {
		curFrame_ = 0;
	}
}

void VulkanContext::UpdateInflightFrames(int n) {
	_dbg_assert_(n >= 1 && n <= MAX_INFLIGHT_FRAMES);
	inflightFrames_ = n;
	if (curFrame_ >= inflightFrames_) {
		curFrame_ = 0;
	}
}

void VulkanContext::WaitUntilQueueIdle() {
	// Should almost never be used
	vkQueueWaitIdle(gfx_queue_);
}

bool VulkanContext::MemoryTypeFromProperties(uint32_t typeBits, VkFlags requirements_mask, uint32_t *typeIndex) {
	// Search memtypes to find first index with those properties
	for (uint32_t i = 0; i < 32; i++) {
		if ((typeBits & 1) == 1) {
			// Type is available, does it match user properties?
			if ((memory_properties_.memoryTypes[i].propertyFlags & requirements_mask) == requirements_mask) {
				*typeIndex = i;
				return true;
			}
		}
		typeBits >>= 1;
	}
	// No memory types matched, return failure
	return false;
}

void VulkanContext::DestroySwapchain() {
	if (swapchain_ != VK_NULL_HANDLE) {
		vkDestroySwapchainKHR(device_, swapchain_, nullptr);
		swapchain_ = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
	}
	swapchainInited_ = false;
}

void VulkanContext::DestroySurface() {
	if (surface_ != VK_NULL_HANDLE) {
		vkDestroySurfaceKHR(instance_, surface_, nullptr);
		surface_ = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
	}
}

VkResult VulkanContext::GetInstanceLayerExtensionList(const char *layerName, std::vector<VkExtensionProperties> &extensions) {
	VkResult res;
	do {
		uint32_t instance_extension_count;
		res = vkEnumerateInstanceExtensionProperties(layerName, &instance_extension_count, nullptr);
		if (res != VK_SUCCESS)
			return res;
		if (instance_extension_count == 0)
			return VK_SUCCESS;
		extensions.resize(instance_extension_count);
		res = vkEnumerateInstanceExtensionProperties(layerName, &instance_extension_count, extensions.data());
	} while (res == VK_INCOMPLETE);
	return res;
}

VkResult VulkanContext::GetInstanceLayerProperties() {
	/*
	 * It's possible, though very rare, that the number of
	 * instance layers could change. For example, installing something
	 * could include new layers that the loader would pick up
	 * between the initial query for the count and the
	 * request for VkLayerProperties. The loader indicates that
	 * by returning a VK_INCOMPLETE status and will update the
	 * the count parameter.
	 * The count parameter will be updated with the number of
	 * entries loaded into the data pointer - in case the number
	 * of layers went down or is smaller than the size given.
	 */
	uint32_t instance_layer_count;
	std::vector<VkLayerProperties> vk_props;
	VkResult res;
	do {
		res = vkEnumerateInstanceLayerProperties(&instance_layer_count, nullptr);
		if (res != VK_SUCCESS)
			return res;
		if (!instance_layer_count)
			return VK_SUCCESS;
		vk_props.resize(instance_layer_count);
		res = vkEnumerateInstanceLayerProperties(&instance_layer_count, vk_props.data());
	} while (res == VK_INCOMPLETE);

	// Now gather the extension list for each instance layer.
	for (uint32_t i = 0; i < instance_layer_count; i++) {
		LayerProperties layer_props;
		layer_props.properties = vk_props[i];
		res = GetInstanceLayerExtensionList(layer_props.properties.layerName, layer_props.extensions);
		if (res != VK_SUCCESS)
			return res;
		instance_layer_properties_.push_back(layer_props);
	}
	return res;
}

// Pass layerName == nullptr to get the extension list for the device.
VkResult VulkanContext::GetDeviceLayerExtensionList(const char *layerName, std::vector<VkExtensionProperties> &extensions) {
	VkResult res;
	do {
		uint32_t device_extension_count;
		res = vkEnumerateDeviceExtensionProperties(physical_devices_[physical_device_], layerName, &device_extension_count, nullptr);
		if (res != VK_SUCCESS)
			return res;
		if (!device_extension_count)
			return VK_SUCCESS;
		extensions.resize(device_extension_count);
		res = vkEnumerateDeviceExtensionProperties(physical_devices_[physical_device_], layerName, &device_extension_count, extensions.data());
	} while (res == VK_INCOMPLETE);
	return res;
}

VkResult VulkanContext::GetDeviceLayerProperties() {
	/*
	 * It's possible, though very rare, that the number of
	 * instance layers could change. For example, installing something
	 * could include new layers that the loader would pick up
	 * between the initial query for the count and the
	 * request for VkLayerProperties. The loader indicates that
	 * by returning a VK_INCOMPLETE status and will update the
	 * the count parameter.
	 * The count parameter will be updated with the number of
	 * entries loaded into the data pointer - in case the number
	 * of layers went down or is smaller than the size given.
	 */
	uint32_t device_layer_count;
	std::vector<VkLayerProperties> vk_props;
	VkResult res;
	do {
		res = vkEnumerateDeviceLayerProperties(physical_devices_[physical_device_], &device_layer_count, nullptr);
		if (res != VK_SUCCESS)
			return res;
		if (device_layer_count == 0)
			return VK_SUCCESS;
		vk_props.resize(device_layer_count);
		res = vkEnumerateDeviceLayerProperties(physical_devices_[physical_device_], &device_layer_count, vk_props.data());
	} while (res == VK_INCOMPLETE);

	// Gather the list of extensions for each device layer.
	for (uint32_t i = 0; i < device_layer_count; i++) {
		LayerProperties layer_props;
		layer_props.properties = vk_props[i];
		res = GetDeviceLayerExtensionList(layer_props.properties.layerName, layer_props.extensions);
		if (res != VK_SUCCESS)
			return res;
		device_layer_properties_.push_back(layer_props);
	}
	return res;
}

// Returns true if all layer names specified in check_names can be found in given layer properties.
bool VulkanContext::CheckLayers(const std::vector<LayerProperties> &layer_props, const std::vector<const char *> &layer_names) const {
	uint32_t check_count = (uint32_t)layer_names.size();
	uint32_t layer_count = (uint32_t)layer_props.size();
	for (uint32_t i = 0; i < check_count; i++) {
		bool found = false;
		for (uint32_t j = 0; j < layer_count; j++) {
			if (!strcmp(layer_names[i], layer_props[j].properties.layerName)) {
				found = true;
			}
		}
		if (!found) {
			std::cout << "Cannot find layer: " << layer_names[i] << std::endl;
			return false;
		}
	}
	return true;
}

int VulkanContext::GetPhysicalDeviceByName(std::string_view name) const {
	for (size_t i = 0; i < physical_devices_.size(); i++) {
		if (equals(physicalDeviceProperties_[i].properties.deviceName, name))
			return (int)i;
	}
	return -1;
}

int VulkanContext::GetBestPhysicalDevice() const {
	// Rules: Prefer discrete over embedded.
	// Prefer nVidia over Intel.

	int maxScore = -1;
	int best = -1;

	for (size_t i = 0; i < physical_devices_.size(); i++) {
		int score = 0;
		VkPhysicalDeviceProperties props;
		vkGetPhysicalDeviceProperties(physical_devices_[i], &props);
		switch (props.deviceType) {
		case VK_PHYSICAL_DEVICE_TYPE_CPU:
			score += 1;
			break;
		case VK_PHYSICAL_DEVICE_TYPE_VIRTUAL_GPU:
			score += 2;
			break;
		case VK_PHYSICAL_DEVICE_TYPE_DISCRETE_GPU:
			score += 20;
			break;
		case VK_PHYSICAL_DEVICE_TYPE_INTEGRATED_GPU:
			score += 10;
			break;
		default:
			break;
		}
		if (props.vendorID == VULKAN_VENDOR_AMD) {
			score += 5;
		} else if (props.vendorID == VULKAN_VENDOR_NVIDIA) {
			score += 5;
		}
		if (score > maxScore) {
			best = (int)i;
			maxScore = score;
		}
	}
	return best;
}

bool VulkanContext::EnableDeviceExtension(const char *extension, uint32_t coreVersion) {
	if (coreVersion != 0 && vulkanDeviceApiVersion_ >= coreVersion) {
		return true;
	}
	for (auto &iter : device_extension_properties_) {
		if (!strcmp(iter.extensionName, extension)) {
			device_extensions_enabled_.push_back(extension);
			return true;
		}
	}
	return false;
}

bool VulkanContext::EnableInstanceExtension(const char *extension, uint32_t coreVersion) {
	if (coreVersion != 0 && vulkanInstanceApiVersion_ >= coreVersion) {
		return true;
	}
	for (auto &iter : instance_extension_properties_) {
		if (!strcmp(iter.extensionName, extension)) {
			instance_extensions_enabled_.push_back(extension);
			return true;
		}
	}
	return false;
}

VkResult VulkanContext::CreateDevice(int physical_device) {
	physical_device_ = physical_device;
	INFO_LOG(Log::G3D, "Chose physical device %d: %s", physical_device, physicalDeviceProperties_[physical_device].properties.deviceName);

	vulkanDeviceApiVersion_ = physicalDeviceProperties_[physical_device].properties.apiVersion;

	GetDeviceLayerProperties();
	if (!CheckLayers(device_layer_properties_, device_layer_names_)) {
		WARN_LOG(Log::G3D, "CheckLayers for device %d failed", physical_device);
	}

	vkGetPhysicalDeviceQueueFamilyProperties(physical_devices_[physical_device_], &queue_count, nullptr);
	_dbg_assert_(queue_count >= 1);

	queueFamilyProperties_.resize(queue_count);
	vkGetPhysicalDeviceQueueFamilyProperties(physical_devices_[physical_device_], &queue_count, queueFamilyProperties_.data());
	_dbg_assert_(queue_count >= 1);

	// Detect preferred depth/stencil formats, in this order. All supported devices will support at least one of these.
	static const VkFormat depthStencilFormats[] = {
		VK_FORMAT_D24_UNORM_S8_UINT,
		VK_FORMAT_D32_SFLOAT_S8_UINT,
		VK_FORMAT_D16_UNORM_S8_UINT,
	};

	deviceInfo_.preferredDepthStencilFormat = VK_FORMAT_UNDEFINED;
	for (size_t i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(depthStencilFormats); i++) {
		VkFormatProperties props;
		vkGetPhysicalDeviceFormatProperties(physical_devices_[physical_device_], depthStencilFormats[i], &props);
		if (props.optimalTilingFeatures & VK_FORMAT_FEATURE_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_BIT) {
			deviceInfo_.preferredDepthStencilFormat = depthStencilFormats[i];
			break;
		}
	}

	_assert_msg_(deviceInfo_.preferredDepthStencilFormat != VK_FORMAT_UNDEFINED, "Could not find a usable depth stencil format.");
	VkFormatProperties preferredProps;
	vkGetPhysicalDeviceFormatProperties(physical_devices_[physical_device_], deviceInfo_.preferredDepthStencilFormat, &preferredProps);
	if ((preferredProps.optimalTilingFeatures & VK_FORMAT_FEATURE_BLIT_SRC_BIT) &&
		(preferredProps.optimalTilingFeatures & VK_FORMAT_FEATURE_BLIT_DST_BIT)) {
		deviceInfo_.canBlitToPreferredDepthStencilFormat = true;
	}

	// This is as good a place as any to do this. Though, we don't use this much anymore after we added
	// support for VMA.
	vkGetPhysicalDeviceMemoryProperties(physical_devices_[physical_device_], &memory_properties_);
	DEBUG_LOG(Log::G3D, "Memory Types (%d):", memory_properties_.memoryTypeCount);
	for (int i = 0; i < (int)memory_properties_.memoryTypeCount; i++) {
		// Don't bother printing dummy memory types.
		if (!memory_properties_.memoryTypes[i].propertyFlags)
			continue;
		DEBUG_LOG(Log::G3D, "  %d: Heap %d; Flags: %s%s%s%s  ", i, memory_properties_.memoryTypes[i].heapIndex,
			(memory_properties_.memoryTypes[i].propertyFlags & VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_DEVICE_LOCAL_BIT) ? "DEVICE_LOCAL " : "",
			(memory_properties_.memoryTypes[i].propertyFlags & VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_VISIBLE_BIT) ? "HOST_VISIBLE " : "",
			(memory_properties_.memoryTypes[i].propertyFlags & VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_CACHED_BIT) ? "HOST_CACHED " : "",
			(memory_properties_.memoryTypes[i].propertyFlags & VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_COHERENT_BIT) ? "HOST_COHERENT " : "");
	}

	GetDeviceLayerExtensionList(nullptr, device_extension_properties_);

	device_extensions_enabled_.push_back(VK_KHR_SWAPCHAIN_EXTENSION_NAME);

	if (!init_error_.empty() || physical_device_ < 0) {
		ERROR_LOG(Log::G3D, "Vulkan init failed: %s", init_error_.c_str());
		return VK_ERROR_INITIALIZATION_FAILED;
	}

	VkDeviceQueueCreateInfo queue_info{ VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DEVICE_QUEUE_CREATE_INFO };
	float queue_priorities[1] = { 1.0f };
	queue_info.queueCount = 1;
	queue_info.pQueuePriorities = queue_priorities;
	bool found = false;
	for (int i = 0; i < (int)queue_count; i++) {
		if (queueFamilyProperties_[i].queueFlags & VK_QUEUE_GRAPHICS_BIT) {
			queue_info.queueFamilyIndex = i;
			found = true;
			break;
		}
	}
	_dbg_assert_(found);

	// TODO: A lot of these are on by default in later Vulkan versions, should check for that, technically.
	extensionsLookup_.KHR_maintenance1 = EnableDeviceExtension(VK_KHR_MAINTENANCE1_EXTENSION_NAME, VK_API_VERSION_1_1);
	extensionsLookup_.KHR_maintenance2 = EnableDeviceExtension(VK_KHR_MAINTENANCE2_EXTENSION_NAME, VK_API_VERSION_1_1);
	extensionsLookup_.KHR_maintenance3 = EnableDeviceExtension(VK_KHR_MAINTENANCE3_EXTENSION_NAME, VK_API_VERSION_1_1);
	extensionsLookup_.KHR_maintenance4 = EnableDeviceExtension("VK_KHR_maintenance4", VK_API_VERSION_1_3);
	extensionsLookup_.KHR_multiview = EnableDeviceExtension(VK_KHR_MULTIVIEW_EXTENSION_NAME, VK_API_VERSION_1_1);

	if (EnableDeviceExtension(VK_KHR_GET_MEMORY_REQUIREMENTS_2_EXTENSION_NAME, VK_API_VERSION_1_1)) {
		extensionsLookup_.KHR_get_memory_requirements2 = true;
		extensionsLookup_.KHR_dedicated_allocation = EnableDeviceExtension(VK_KHR_DEDICATED_ALLOCATION_EXTENSION_NAME, VK_API_VERSION_1_1);
	}
	if (EnableDeviceExtension(VK_KHR_CREATE_RENDERPASS_2_EXTENSION_NAME, VK_API_VERSION_1_2)) {
		extensionsLookup_.KHR_create_renderpass2 = true;
		extensionsLookup_.KHR_depth_stencil_resolve = EnableDeviceExtension(VK_KHR_DEPTH_STENCIL_RESOLVE_EXTENSION_NAME, VK_API_VERSION_1_2);
	}

	extensionsLookup_.EXT_shader_stencil_export = EnableDeviceExtension(VK_EXT_SHADER_STENCIL_EXPORT_EXTENSION_NAME, 0);
	extensionsLookup_.EXT_fragment_shader_interlock = EnableDeviceExtension(VK_EXT_FRAGMENT_SHADER_INTERLOCK_EXTENSION_NAME, 0);
	extensionsLookup_.ARM_rasterization_order_attachment_access = EnableDeviceExtension(VK_ARM_RASTERIZATION_ORDER_ATTACHMENT_ACCESS_EXTENSION_NAME, 0);

#if !PPSSPP_PLATFORM(MAC) && !PPSSPP_PLATFORM(IOS)
	extensionsLookup_.GOOGLE_display_timing = EnableDeviceExtension(VK_GOOGLE_DISPLAY_TIMING_EXTENSION_NAME, 0);
#endif
	if (!extensionsLookup_.GOOGLE_display_timing) {
		extensionsLookup_.KHR_present_id = EnableDeviceExtension(VK_KHR_PRESENT_ID_EXTENSION_NAME, 0);
		extensionsLookup_.KHR_present_wait = EnableDeviceExtension(VK_KHR_PRESENT_WAIT_EXTENSION_NAME, 0);
	}

	extensionsLookup_.EXT_provoking_vertex = EnableDeviceExtension(VK_EXT_PROVOKING_VERTEX_EXTENSION_NAME, 0);

	// Optional features
	if (extensionsLookup_.KHR_get_physical_device_properties2 && vkGetPhysicalDeviceFeatures2) {
		VkPhysicalDeviceFeatures2 features2{ VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PHYSICAL_DEVICE_FEATURES_2_KHR };
		// Add to chain even if not supported, GetPhysicalDeviceFeatures is supposed to ignore unknown structs.
		VkPhysicalDeviceMultiviewFeatures multiViewFeatures{ VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PHYSICAL_DEVICE_MULTIVIEW_FEATURES };
		VkPhysicalDevicePresentWaitFeaturesKHR presentWaitFeatures{ VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PHYSICAL_DEVICE_PRESENT_WAIT_FEATURES_KHR };
		VkPhysicalDevicePresentIdFeaturesKHR presentIdFeatures{ VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PHYSICAL_DEVICE_PRESENT_ID_FEATURES_KHR };
		VkPhysicalDeviceProvokingVertexFeaturesEXT provokingVertexFeatures{ VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PHYSICAL_DEVICE_PROVOKING_VERTEX_FEATURES_EXT };

		ChainStruct(features2, &multiViewFeatures);
		if (extensionsLookup_.KHR_present_wait) {
			ChainStruct(features2, &presentWaitFeatures);
		}
		if (extensionsLookup_.KHR_present_id) {
			ChainStruct(features2, &presentIdFeatures);
		}
		if (extensionsLookup_.EXT_provoking_vertex) {
			ChainStruct(features2, &provokingVertexFeatures);
		}
		vkGetPhysicalDeviceFeatures2(physical_devices_[physical_device_], &features2);
		deviceFeatures_.available.standard = features2.features;
		deviceFeatures_.available.multiview = multiViewFeatures;
		if (extensionsLookup_.KHR_present_wait) {
			deviceFeatures_.available.presentWait = presentWaitFeatures;
		}
		if (extensionsLookup_.KHR_present_id) {
			deviceFeatures_.available.presentId = presentIdFeatures;
		}
		if (extensionsLookup_.EXT_provoking_vertex) {
			deviceFeatures_.available.provokingVertex = provokingVertexFeatures;
		}
	} else {
		vkGetPhysicalDeviceFeatures(physical_devices_[physical_device_], &deviceFeatures_.available.standard);
		deviceFeatures_.available.multiview = {};
	}

	deviceFeatures_.enabled = {};
	// Enable a few safe ones if they are available.
	deviceFeatures_.enabled.standard.dualSrcBlend = deviceFeatures_.available.standard.dualSrcBlend;
	deviceFeatures_.enabled.standard.logicOp = deviceFeatures_.available.standard.logicOp;
	deviceFeatures_.enabled.standard.depthClamp = deviceFeatures_.available.standard.depthClamp;
	deviceFeatures_.enabled.standard.depthBounds = deviceFeatures_.available.standard.depthBounds;
	deviceFeatures_.enabled.standard.samplerAnisotropy = deviceFeatures_.available.standard.samplerAnisotropy;
	deviceFeatures_.enabled.standard.shaderClipDistance = deviceFeatures_.available.standard.shaderClipDistance;
	deviceFeatures_.enabled.standard.shaderCullDistance = deviceFeatures_.available.standard.shaderCullDistance;
	deviceFeatures_.enabled.standard.geometryShader = deviceFeatures_.available.standard.geometryShader;
	deviceFeatures_.enabled.standard.sampleRateShading = deviceFeatures_.available.standard.sampleRateShading;
	
#ifdef _DEBUG
	// For debugging! Although, it might hide problems, so turning it off. Can be useful to rule out classes of issues.
	// deviceFeatures_.enabled.standard.robustBufferAccess = deviceFeatures_.available.standard.robustBufferAccess;
#endif

	deviceFeatures_.enabled.multiview = { VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PHYSICAL_DEVICE_MULTIVIEW_FEATURES };
	if (extensionsLookup_.KHR_multiview) {
		deviceFeatures_.enabled.multiview.multiview = deviceFeatures_.available.multiview.multiview;
	}
	// Strangely, on Intel, it reports these as available even though the extension isn't in the list.
	deviceFeatures_.enabled.presentId = { VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PHYSICAL_DEVICE_PRESENT_ID_FEATURES_KHR };
	if (extensionsLookup_.KHR_present_id) {
		deviceFeatures_.enabled.presentId.presentId = deviceFeatures_.available.presentId.presentId;
	}
	deviceFeatures_.enabled.presentWait = { VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PHYSICAL_DEVICE_PRESENT_WAIT_FEATURES_KHR };
	if (extensionsLookup_.KHR_present_wait) {
		deviceFeatures_.enabled.presentWait.presentWait = deviceFeatures_.available.presentWait.presentWait;
	}
	deviceFeatures_.enabled.provokingVertex = { VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PHYSICAL_DEVICE_PROVOKING_VERTEX_FEATURES_EXT };
	if (extensionsLookup_.EXT_provoking_vertex) {
		deviceFeatures_.enabled.provokingVertex.provokingVertexLast = true;
	}

	// deviceFeatures_.enabled.multiview.multiviewGeometryShader = deviceFeatures_.available.multiview.multiviewGeometryShader;

	VkPhysicalDeviceFeatures2 features2{ VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PHYSICAL_DEVICE_FEATURES_2 };

	VkDeviceCreateInfo device_info{ VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DEVICE_CREATE_INFO };
	device_info.queueCreateInfoCount = 1;
	device_info.pQueueCreateInfos = &queue_info;
	device_info.enabledLayerCount = (uint32_t)device_layer_names_.size();
	device_info.ppEnabledLayerNames = device_info.enabledLayerCount ? device_layer_names_.data() : nullptr;
	device_info.enabledExtensionCount = (uint32_t)device_extensions_enabled_.size();
	device_info.ppEnabledExtensionNames = device_info.enabledExtensionCount ? device_extensions_enabled_.data() : nullptr;

	if (extensionsLookup_.KHR_get_physical_device_properties2) {
		device_info.pNext = &features2;
		features2.features = deviceFeatures_.enabled.standard;
		ChainStruct(features2, &deviceFeatures_.enabled.multiview);
		if (extensionsLookup_.KHR_present_wait) {
			ChainStruct(features2, &deviceFeatures_.enabled.presentWait);
		}
		if (extensionsLookup_.KHR_present_id) {
			ChainStruct(features2, &deviceFeatures_.enabled.presentId);
		}
		if (extensionsLookup_.EXT_provoking_vertex) {
			ChainStruct(features2, &deviceFeatures_.enabled.provokingVertex);
		}
	} else {
		device_info.pEnabledFeatures = &deviceFeatures_.enabled.standard;
	}

	VkResult res = vkCreateDevice(physical_devices_[physical_device_], &device_info, nullptr, &device_);
	if (res != VK_SUCCESS) {
		init_error_ = "Unable to create Vulkan device";
		ERROR_LOG(Log::G3D, "%s", init_error_.c_str());
	} else {
		VulkanLoadDeviceFunctions(device_, extensionsLookup_, vulkanDeviceApiVersion_);
	}
	INFO_LOG(Log::G3D, "Vulkan Device created: %s", physicalDeviceProperties_[physical_device_].properties.deviceName);

	// Since we successfully created a device (however we got here, might be interesting in debug), we force the choice to be visible in the menu.
	VulkanSetAvailable(true);

	VmaAllocatorCreateInfo allocatorInfo = {};
	allocatorInfo.vulkanApiVersion = std::min(vulkanDeviceApiVersion_, vulkanInstanceApiVersion_);
	allocatorInfo.physicalDevice = physical_devices_[physical_device_];
	allocatorInfo.device = device_;
	allocatorInfo.instance = instance_;
	VkResult result = vmaCreateAllocator(&allocatorInfo, &allocator_);
	_assert_(result == VK_SUCCESS);
	_assert_(allocator_ != VK_NULL_HANDLE);

	// Examine the physical device to figure out super rough performance grade.
	// Basically all we want to do is to identify low performance mobile devices
	// so we can make decisions on things like texture scaling strategy.
	auto &props = physicalDeviceProperties_[physical_device_].properties;
	switch (props.vendorID) {
	case VULKAN_VENDOR_AMD:
	case VULKAN_VENDOR_NVIDIA:
	case VULKAN_VENDOR_INTEL:
		devicePerfClass_ = PerfClass::FAST;
		break;

	case VULKAN_VENDOR_ARM:
		devicePerfClass_ = PerfClass::SLOW;
		{
			// Parse the device name as an ultra rough heuristic.
			int maliG = 0;
			if (sscanf(props.deviceName, "Mali-G%d", &maliG) == 1) {
				if (maliG >= 72) {
					devicePerfClass_ = PerfClass::FAST;
				}
			}
		}
		break;

	case VULKAN_VENDOR_QUALCOMM:
		devicePerfClass_ = PerfClass::SLOW;
#if PPSSPP_PLATFORM(ANDROID)
		if (System_GetPropertyInt(SYSPROP_SYSTEMVERSION) >= 30) {
			devicePerfClass_ = PerfClass::FAST;
		}
#endif
		break;

	case VULKAN_VENDOR_IMGTEC:
	default:
		devicePerfClass_ = PerfClass::SLOW;
		break;
	}

	return res;
}

VkResult VulkanContext::InitDebugUtilsCallback() {
	VkDebugUtilsMessengerCreateInfoEXT callback1{VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSENGER_CREATE_INFO_EXT};
	// We're intentionally skipping VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_SEVERITY_VERBOSE_BIT_EXT and
	// VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_SEVERITY_INFO_BIT_EXT, just too spammy.
	callback1.messageSeverity = VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_SEVERITY_ERROR_BIT_EXT | VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_SEVERITY_WARNING_BIT_EXT;
	callback1.messageType = VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_TYPE_GENERAL_BIT_EXT | VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_TYPE_VALIDATION_BIT_EXT | VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_TYPE_PERFORMANCE_BIT_EXT;
	callback1.pfnUserCallback = &VulkanDebugUtilsCallback;
	callback1.pUserData = (void *)&g_LogOptions;
	VkDebugUtilsMessengerEXT messenger;
	VkResult res = vkCreateDebugUtilsMessengerEXT(instance_, &callback1, nullptr, &messenger);
	if (res != VK_SUCCESS) {
		ERROR_LOG(Log::G3D, "Failed to register debug callback with vkCreateDebugUtilsMessengerEXT");
		// Do error handling for VK_ERROR_OUT_OF_MEMORY
	} else {
		INFO_LOG(Log::G3D, "Debug callback registered with vkCreateDebugUtilsMessengerEXT.");
		utils_callbacks.push_back(messenger);
	}
	return res;
}

bool VulkanContext::CreateInstanceAndDevice(const CreateInfo &info) {
	VkResult res = CreateInstance(info);
	if (res != VK_SUCCESS) {
		ERROR_LOG(Log::G3D, "Failed to create vulkan context: %s", InitError().c_str());
		VulkanSetAvailable(false);
		return false;
	}

	int physicalDevice = GetBestPhysicalDevice();
	if (physicalDevice < 0) {
		ERROR_LOG(Log::G3D, "No usable Vulkan device found.");
		DestroyInstance();
		return false;
	}

	INFO_LOG(Log::G3D, "Creating Vulkan device (flags: %08x)", info.flags);
	if (CreateDevice(physicalDevice) != VK_SUCCESS) {
		INFO_LOG(Log::G3D, "Failed to create vulkan device: %s", InitError().c_str());
		DestroyInstance();
		return false;
	}

	return true;
}

void VulkanContext::SetDebugNameImpl(uint64_t handle, VkObjectType type, const char *name) {
	VkDebugUtilsObjectNameInfoEXT info{ VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DEBUG_UTILS_OBJECT_NAME_INFO_EXT };
	info.pObjectName = name;
	info.objectHandle = handle;
	info.objectType = type;
	vkSetDebugUtilsObjectNameEXT(device_, &info);
}

VkResult VulkanContext::InitSurface(WindowSystem winsys, void *data1, void *data2) {
	winsys_ = winsys;
	winsysData1_ = data1;
	winsysData2_ = data2;
	return ReinitSurface();
}

VkResult VulkanContext::ReinitSurface() {
	if (surface_ != VK_NULL_HANDLE) {
		INFO_LOG(Log::G3D, "Destroying Vulkan surface (%d, %d)", swapChainExtent_.width, swapChainExtent_.height);
		vkDestroySurfaceKHR(instance_, surface_, nullptr);
		surface_ = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
	}

	INFO_LOG(Log::G3D, "Creating Vulkan surface for window (data1=%p data2=%p)", winsysData1_, winsysData2_);

	VkResult retval = VK_SUCCESS;

	switch (winsys_) {
#ifdef _WIN32
	case WINDOWSYSTEM_WIN32:
	{
		VkWin32SurfaceCreateInfoKHR win32{ VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_WIN32_SURFACE_CREATE_INFO_KHR };
		win32.flags = 0;
		win32.hwnd = (HWND)winsysData2_;
		win32.hinstance = (HINSTANCE)winsysData1_;
		retval = vkCreateWin32SurfaceKHR(instance_, &win32, nullptr, &surface_);
		break;
	}
#endif
#if defined(__ANDROID__)
	case WINDOWSYSTEM_ANDROID:
	{
		ANativeWindow *wnd = (ANativeWindow *)winsysData1_;
		VkAndroidSurfaceCreateInfoKHR android{ VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_ANDROID_SURFACE_CREATE_INFO_KHR };
		android.flags = 0;
		android.window = wnd;
		retval = vkCreateAndroidSurfaceKHR(instance_, &android, nullptr, &surface_);
		break;
	}
#endif
#if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_METAL_EXT)
	case WINDOWSYSTEM_METAL_EXT:
	{
		VkMetalSurfaceCreateInfoEXT metal{ VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_METAL_SURFACE_CREATE_INFO_EXT };
		metal.flags = 0;
		metal.pLayer = winsysData1_;
		metal.pNext = winsysData2_;
		retval = vkCreateMetalSurfaceEXT(instance_, &metal, nullptr, &surface_);
		break;
	}
#endif
#if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_XLIB_KHR)
	case WINDOWSYSTEM_XLIB:
	{
		VkXlibSurfaceCreateInfoKHR xlib{ VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_XLIB_SURFACE_CREATE_INFO_KHR };
		xlib.flags = 0;
		xlib.dpy = (Display *)winsysData1_;
		xlib.window = (Window)winsysData2_;
		retval = vkCreateXlibSurfaceKHR(instance_, &xlib, nullptr, &surface_);
		break;
	}
#endif
#if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_XCB_KHR)
	case WINDOWSYSTEM_XCB:
	{
		VkXCBSurfaceCreateInfoKHR xcb{ VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_XCB_SURFACE_CREATE_INFO_KHR };
		xcb.flags = 0;
		xcb.connection = (Connection *)winsysData1_;
		xcb.window = (Window)(uintptr_t)winsysData2_;
		retval = vkCreateXcbSurfaceKHR(instance_, &xcb, nullptr, &surface_);
		break;
	}
#endif
#if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_WAYLAND_KHR)
	case WINDOWSYSTEM_WAYLAND:
	{
		VkWaylandSurfaceCreateInfoKHR wayland{ VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_WAYLAND_SURFACE_CREATE_INFO_KHR };
		wayland.flags = 0;
		wayland.display = (wl_display *)winsysData1_;
		wayland.surface = (wl_surface *)winsysData2_;
		retval = vkCreateWaylandSurfaceKHR(instance_, &wayland, nullptr, &surface_);
		break;
	}
#endif
#if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_DISPLAY_KHR)
	case WINDOWSYSTEM_DISPLAY:
	{
		VkDisplaySurfaceCreateInfoKHR display{ VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DISPLAY_SURFACE_CREATE_INFO_KHR };
#if !defined(__LIBRETRO__)
		/*
		And when not to use libretro need VkDisplaySurfaceCreateInfoKHR this extension,
		then you need to use dlopen to read vulkan loader in VulkanLoader.cpp.
		huangzihan China
		*/

		if(!vkGetPhysicalDeviceDisplayPropertiesKHR || 
		   !vkGetPhysicalDeviceDisplayPlanePropertiesKHR || 
		   !vkGetDisplayModePropertiesKHR || 
		   !vkGetDisplayPlaneSupportedDisplaysKHR || 
		   !vkGetDisplayPlaneCapabilitiesKHR ) {
			_assert_msg_(false, "DISPLAY Vulkan cannot find any vulkan function symbols.");
			return VK_ERROR_INITIALIZATION_FAILED;
		}

		//The following code is for reference:
		// https://github.com/vanfanel/ppsspp
		// When using the VK_KHR_display extension and not using LIBRETRO, a complete
		// VkDisplaySurfaceCreateInfoKHR is needed.

		uint32_t display_count;
		uint32_t plane_count;

		VkDisplayPropertiesKHR *display_props = NULL;
		VkDisplayPlanePropertiesKHR *plane_props = NULL;
		VkDisplayModePropertiesKHR* mode_props = NULL;

		VkExtent2D image_size;
		// This is the chosen physical_device, it has been chosen elsewhere.
		VkPhysicalDevice phys_device = physical_devices_[physical_device_];
		VkDisplayModeKHR display_mode = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
		VkDisplayPlaneAlphaFlagBitsKHR alpha_mode = VK_DISPLAY_PLANE_ALPHA_OPAQUE_BIT_KHR;
		uint32_t plane = UINT32_MAX;

		// For now, use the first available (connected) display.
		int display_index = 0;

		VkResult result;
		bool ret = false;
		bool mode_found = false;

		int i, j;

		// 1 physical device can have N displays connected.
		// Vulkan only counts the connected displays.

		// Get a list of displays on the physical device.
		display_count = 0;
		vkGetPhysicalDeviceDisplayPropertiesKHR(phys_device, &display_count, NULL);
		if (display_count == 0) {
			_assert_msg_(false, "DISPLAY Vulkan couldn't find any displays.");
			return VK_ERROR_INITIALIZATION_FAILED;
		}
		display_props = new VkDisplayPropertiesKHR[display_count];
		vkGetPhysicalDeviceDisplayPropertiesKHR(phys_device, &display_count, display_props);

		// Get a list of display planes on the physical device.
		plane_count = 0;
		vkGetPhysicalDeviceDisplayPlanePropertiesKHR(phys_device, &plane_count, NULL);
		if (plane_count == 0) {
			_assert_msg_(false, "DISPLAY Vulkan couldn't find any planes on the physical device");
			return VK_ERROR_INITIALIZATION_FAILED;

		}
		plane_props = new VkDisplayPlanePropertiesKHR[plane_count];
		vkGetPhysicalDeviceDisplayPlanePropertiesKHR(phys_device, &plane_count, plane_props);

		// Get the Vulkan display we are going to use.	
		VkDisplayKHR myDisplay = display_props[display_index].display;

		// Get the list of display modes of the display
		uint32_t mode_count = 0;
		vkGetDisplayModePropertiesKHR(phys_device, myDisplay, &mode_count, NULL);
		if (mode_count == 0) {
			_assert_msg_(false, "DISPLAY Vulkan couldn't find any video modes on the display");
			return VK_ERROR_INITIALIZATION_FAILED;
		}
		mode_props = new VkDisplayModePropertiesKHR[mode_count];
		vkGetDisplayModePropertiesKHR(phys_device, myDisplay, &mode_count, mode_props);

		// See if there's an appropiate mode available on the display 
		display_mode = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
		for (i = 0; i < mode_count; ++i)
		{
			const VkDisplayModePropertiesKHR* mode = &mode_props[i];

			if (mode->parameters.visibleRegion.width == g_display.pixel_xres &&
			    mode->parameters.visibleRegion.height == g_display.pixel_yres)
			{
				display_mode = mode->displayMode;
				mode_found = true;
				break;
			}
		}

		// Free the mode list now.
		delete [] mode_props;

		// If there are no useable modes found on the display, error out
		if (display_mode == VK_NULL_HANDLE)
		{
			_assert_msg_(false, "DISPLAY Vulkan couldn't find any video modes on the display");
			return VK_ERROR_INITIALIZATION_FAILED;
		}

		/* Iterate on the list of planes of the physical device
		   to find a plane that matches these criteria:
		   -It must be compatible with the chosen display + mode.
		   -It isn't currently bound to another display.
		   -It supports per-pixel alpha, if possible. */
		for (i = 0; i < plane_count; i++) {
			uint32_t supported_displays_count = 0;
			VkDisplayKHR* supported_displays;
			VkDisplayPlaneCapabilitiesKHR plane_caps;

			/* See if the plane is compatible with the current display. */
			vkGetDisplayPlaneSupportedDisplaysKHR(phys_device, i, &supported_displays_count, NULL);
			if (supported_displays_count == 0) {
				/* This plane doesn't support any displays. Continue to the next plane. */
				continue;
			}

			/* Get the list of displays supported by this plane. */
			supported_displays = new VkDisplayKHR[supported_displays_count];
			vkGetDisplayPlaneSupportedDisplaysKHR(phys_device, i,
			    &supported_displays_count, supported_displays);

			/* The plane must be bound to the chosen display, or not in use.
			   If none of these is true, iterate to another plane. */
			if ( !( (plane_props[i].currentDisplay == myDisplay) ||
			        (plane_props[i].currentDisplay == VK_NULL_HANDLE))) 
				continue;

			/* Iterate the list of displays supported by this plane
			   in order to find out if the chosen display is among them. */
			bool plane_supports_display = false;
			for (j = 0; j < supported_displays_count; j++) {
				if (supported_displays[j] == myDisplay) {
					plane_supports_display = true;
					break;
				}
			}

			/* Free the list of displays supported by this plane. */
			delete [] supported_displays;

			/* If the display is not supported by this plane, iterate to the next plane. */
			if (!plane_supports_display)
				continue;

			/* Want a plane that supports the alpha mode we have chosen. */
			vkGetDisplayPlaneCapabilitiesKHR(phys_device, display_mode, i, &plane_caps);
			if (plane_caps.supportedAlpha & alpha_mode) {
				/* Yep, this plane is alright. */
				plane = i;
				break;
			}
		}

		/* If we couldn't find an appropiate plane, error out. */
		if (plane == UINT32_MAX) {
			_assert_msg_(false, "DISPLAY Vulkan couldn't find an appropiate plane");
			return VK_ERROR_INITIALIZATION_FAILED;
		}
	
		// Finally, create the vulkan surface.
		image_size.width = g_display.pixel_xres;
		image_size.height = g_display.pixel_yres;

		display.displayMode = display_mode;
		display.imageExtent = image_size;
		display.transform = VK_SURFACE_TRANSFORM_IDENTITY_BIT_KHR;
		display.alphaMode = alpha_mode;
		display.globalAlpha = 1.0f;
		display.planeIndex = plane;
		display.planeStackIndex = plane_props[plane].currentStackIndex;
		display.pNext = nullptr;
		delete [] display_props;
		delete [] plane_props;
#endif
		display.flags = 0;
		retval = vkCreateDisplayPlaneSurfaceKHR(instance_, &display, nullptr, &surface_);
		break;
	}
#endif

	default:
		_assert_msg_(false, "Vulkan support for chosen window system not implemented");
		return VK_ERROR_INITIALIZATION_FAILED;
	}

	if (retval != VK_SUCCESS) {
		return retval;
	}

	if (!ChooseQueue()) {
		return VK_ERROR_INITIALIZATION_FAILED;
	}

	for (int i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(frame_); i++) {
		frame_[i].profiler.Init(this);
	}

	return VK_SUCCESS;
}

bool VulkanContext::ChooseQueue() {
	// Iterate over each queue to learn whether it supports presenting:
	VkBool32 *supportsPresent = new VkBool32[queue_count];
	for (uint32_t i = 0; i < queue_count; i++) {
		vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceSupportKHR(physical_devices_[physical_device_], i, surface_, &supportsPresent[i]);
	}

	// Search for a graphics queue and a present queue in the array of queue
	// families, try to find one that supports both
	uint32_t graphicsQueueNodeIndex = UINT32_MAX;
	uint32_t presentQueueNodeIndex = UINT32_MAX;
	for (uint32_t i = 0; i < queue_count; i++) {
		if ((queueFamilyProperties_[i].queueFlags & VK_QUEUE_GRAPHICS_BIT) != 0) {
			if (graphicsQueueNodeIndex == UINT32_MAX) {
				graphicsQueueNodeIndex = i;
			}

			if (supportsPresent[i] == VK_TRUE) {
				graphicsQueueNodeIndex = i;
				presentQueueNodeIndex = i;
				break;
			}
		}
	}
	if (presentQueueNodeIndex == UINT32_MAX) {
		// If didn't find a queue that supports both graphics and present, then
		// find a separate present queue. NOTE: We don't actually currently support this arrangement!
		for (uint32_t i = 0; i < queue_count; ++i) {
			if (supportsPresent[i] == VK_TRUE) {
				presentQueueNodeIndex = i;
				break;
			}
		}
	}
	delete[] supportsPresent;

	// Generate error if could not find both a graphics and a present queue
	if (graphicsQueueNodeIndex == UINT32_MAX || presentQueueNodeIndex == UINT32_MAX) {
		ERROR_LOG(Log::G3D, "Could not find a graphics and a present queue");
		return false;
	}

	graphics_queue_family_index_ = graphicsQueueNodeIndex;

	// Get the list of VkFormats that are supported:
	uint32_t formatCount = 0;
	VkResult res = vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceFormatsKHR(physical_devices_[physical_device_], surface_, &formatCount, nullptr);
	_assert_msg_(res == VK_SUCCESS, "Failed to get formats for device %d: %d", physical_device_, (int)res);
	if (res != VK_SUCCESS) {
		return false;
	}

	surfFormats_.resize(formatCount);
	res = vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceFormatsKHR(physical_devices_[physical_device_], surface_, &formatCount, surfFormats_.data());
	_dbg_assert_(res == VK_SUCCESS);
	if (res != VK_SUCCESS) {
		return false;
	}
	// If the format list includes just one entry of VK_FORMAT_UNDEFINED,
	// the surface has no preferred format.  Otherwise, at least one
	// supported format will be returned.
	if (formatCount == 0 || (formatCount == 1 && surfFormats_[0].format == VK_FORMAT_UNDEFINED)) {
		INFO_LOG(Log::G3D, "swapchain_format: Falling back to B8G8R8A8_UNORM");
		swapchainFormat_ = VK_FORMAT_B8G8R8A8_UNORM;
	} else {
		swapchainFormat_ = VK_FORMAT_UNDEFINED;
		for (uint32_t i = 0; i < formatCount; ++i) {
			if (surfFormats_[i].colorSpace != VK_COLORSPACE_SRGB_NONLINEAR_KHR) {
				continue;
			}
			if (surfFormats_[i].format == VK_FORMAT_B8G8R8A8_UNORM || surfFormats_[i].format == VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM) {
				swapchainFormat_ = surfFormats_[i].format;
				break;
			}
		}
		if (swapchainFormat_ == VK_FORMAT_UNDEFINED) {
			// Okay, take the first one then.
			swapchainFormat_ = surfFormats_[0].format;
		}
		INFO_LOG(Log::G3D, "swapchain_format: %s (%d) (/%d)", VulkanFormatToString(swapchainFormat_), (int)swapchainFormat_, formatCount);
	}

	vkGetDeviceQueue(device_, graphics_queue_family_index_, 0, &gfx_queue_);
	return true;
}

int clamp(int x, int a, int b) {
	if (x < a)
		return a;
	if (x > b)
		return b;
	return x;
}

static std::string surface_transforms_to_string(VkSurfaceTransformFlagsKHR transformFlags) {
	std::string str;
	if (transformFlags & VK_SURFACE_TRANSFORM_IDENTITY_BIT_KHR) str += "IDENTITY ";
	if (transformFlags & VK_SURFACE_TRANSFORM_ROTATE_90_BIT_KHR) str += "ROTATE_90 ";
	if (transformFlags & VK_SURFACE_TRANSFORM_ROTATE_180_BIT_KHR) str += "ROTATE_180 ";
	if (transformFlags & VK_SURFACE_TRANSFORM_ROTATE_270_BIT_KHR) str += "ROTATE_270 ";
	if (transformFlags & VK_SURFACE_TRANSFORM_HORIZONTAL_MIRROR_BIT_KHR) str += "HMIRROR ";
	if (transformFlags & VK_SURFACE_TRANSFORM_HORIZONTAL_MIRROR_ROTATE_90_BIT_KHR) str += "HMIRROR_90 ";
	if (transformFlags & VK_SURFACE_TRANSFORM_HORIZONTAL_MIRROR_ROTATE_180_BIT_KHR) str += "HMIRROR_180 ";
	if (transformFlags & VK_SURFACE_TRANSFORM_HORIZONTAL_MIRROR_ROTATE_270_BIT_KHR) str += "HMIRROR_270 ";
	if (transformFlags & VK_SURFACE_TRANSFORM_INHERIT_BIT_KHR) str += "INHERIT ";
	return str;
}

bool VulkanContext::InitSwapchain() {
	_assert_(physical_device_ >= 0 && physical_device_ < (int)physical_devices_.size());
	if (!surface_) {
		ERROR_LOG(Log::G3D, "VK: No surface, can't create swapchain");
		return false;
	}

	VkResult res = vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR(physical_devices_[physical_device_], surface_, &surfCapabilities_);
	if (res == VK_ERROR_SURFACE_LOST_KHR) {
		// Not much to do.
		ERROR_LOG(Log::G3D, "VK: Surface lost in InitSwapchain");
		return false;
	}

	if (surfCapabilities_.maxImageExtent.width == 0 || surfCapabilities_.maxImageExtent.height == 0) {
		WARN_LOG(Log::G3D, "Max image extent is 0 - app is probably minimized. Faking having a swapchain.");
		swapChainExtent_ = {};  // makes it so querying width/height returns 0.
		// We pretend to have a swapchain initialized - though we won't actually render to it.
		swapchainInited_ = true;
		return true;
	}

	_dbg_assert_(res == VK_SUCCESS);
	uint32_t presentModeCount;
	res = vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfacePresentModesKHR(physical_devices_[physical_device_], surface_, &presentModeCount, nullptr);
	_dbg_assert_(res == VK_SUCCESS);
	VkPresentModeKHR *presentModes = new VkPresentModeKHR[presentModeCount];
	_dbg_assert_(presentModes);
	res = vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfacePresentModesKHR(physical_devices_[physical_device_], surface_, &presentModeCount, presentModes);
	_dbg_assert_(res == VK_SUCCESS);

	VkExtent2D currentExtent{ surfCapabilities_.currentExtent };
	// https://registry.khronos.org/vulkan/specs/1.3-extensions/man/html/VkSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR.html
	// currentExtent is the current width and height of the surface, or the special value (0xFFFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFFFF) indicating that the surface size will be determined by the extent of a swapchain targeting the surface.
	if (currentExtent.width == 0xFFFFFFFFu || currentExtent.height == 0xFFFFFFFFu
#if PPSSPP_PLATFORM(IOS)
		|| currentExtent.width == 0 || currentExtent.height == 0
#endif
		) {
		_dbg_assert_((bool)cbGetDrawSize_);
		if (cbGetDrawSize_) {
			currentExtent = cbGetDrawSize_();
		}
	}

	swapChainExtent_.width = clamp(currentExtent.width, surfCapabilities_.minImageExtent.width, surfCapabilities_.maxImageExtent.width);
	swapChainExtent_.height = clamp(currentExtent.height, surfCapabilities_.minImageExtent.height, surfCapabilities_.maxImageExtent.height);

	INFO_LOG(Log::G3D, "surfCapabilities_.current: %dx%d min: %dx%d max: %dx%d computed: %dx%d",
		currentExtent.width, currentExtent.height,
		surfCapabilities_.minImageExtent.width, surfCapabilities_.minImageExtent.height,
		surfCapabilities_.maxImageExtent.width, surfCapabilities_.maxImageExtent.height,
		swapChainExtent_.width, swapChainExtent_.height);

	availablePresentModes_.clear();
	// TODO: Find a better way to specify the prioritized present mode while being able
	// to fall back in a sensible way.
	VkPresentModeKHR swapchainPresentMode = VK_PRESENT_MODE_MAX_ENUM_KHR;
	std::string modes = "";
	for (size_t i = 0; i < presentModeCount; i++) {
		modes += VulkanPresentModeToString(presentModes[i]);
		if (i != presentModeCount - 1) {
			modes += ", ";
		}
		availablePresentModes_.push_back(presentModes[i]);
	}

	for (size_t i = 0; i < presentModeCount; i++) {
		bool match = false;
		match = match || ((flags_ & VulkanInitFlags::PRESENT_MAILBOX) && presentModes[i] == VK_PRESENT_MODE_MAILBOX_KHR);
		match = match || ((flags_ & VulkanInitFlags::PRESENT_IMMEDIATE) && presentModes[i] == VK_PRESENT_MODE_IMMEDIATE_KHR);
		match = match || ((flags_ & VulkanInitFlags::PRESENT_FIFO_RELAXED) && presentModes[i] == VK_PRESENT_MODE_FIFO_RELAXED_KHR);
		match = match || ((flags_ & VulkanInitFlags::PRESENT_FIFO) && presentModes[i] == VK_PRESENT_MODE_FIFO_KHR);

		// Default to the first present mode from the list.
		if (match || swapchainPresentMode == VK_PRESENT_MODE_MAX_ENUM_KHR) {
			swapchainPresentMode = presentModes[i];
		}
		if (match) {
			break;
		}
	}
	delete[] presentModes;
	// Determine the number of VkImage's to use in the swap chain (we desire to
	// own only 1 image at a time, besides the images being displayed and
	// queued for display):
	uint32_t desiredNumberOfSwapChainImages = surfCapabilities_.minImageCount + 1;
	if ((surfCapabilities_.maxImageCount > 0) &&
		(desiredNumberOfSwapChainImages > surfCapabilities_.maxImageCount)) {
		// Application must settle for fewer images than desired:
		desiredNumberOfSwapChainImages = surfCapabilities_.maxImageCount;
	}

	INFO_LOG(Log::G3D, "Supported present modes: %s. Chosen present mode: %d (%s). numSwapChainImages: %d (max: %d)",
		modes.c_str(), swapchainPresentMode, VulkanPresentModeToString(swapchainPresentMode),
		desiredNumberOfSwapChainImages, surfCapabilities_.maxImageCount);

	// We mostly follow the practices from
	// https://arm-software.github.io/vulkan_best_practice_for_mobile_developers/samples/surface_rotation/surface_rotation_tutorial.html
	//
	VkSurfaceTransformFlagBitsKHR preTransform;
	std::string supportedTransforms = surface_transforms_to_string(surfCapabilities_.supportedTransforms);
	std::string currentTransform = surface_transforms_to_string(surfCapabilities_.currentTransform);
	g_display.rotation = DisplayRotation::ROTATE_0;
	g_display.rot_matrix.setIdentity();

	uint32_t allowedRotations = VK_SURFACE_TRANSFORM_ROTATE_90_BIT_KHR | VK_SURFACE_TRANSFORM_ROTATE_180_BIT_KHR | VK_SURFACE_TRANSFORM_ROTATE_270_BIT_KHR;
	// Hack: Don't allow 270 degrees pretransform (inverse landscape), it creates bizarre issues on some devices (see #15773).
	allowedRotations &= ~VK_SURFACE_TRANSFORM_ROTATE_270_BIT_KHR;

	if (surfCapabilities_.currentTransform & (VK_SURFACE_TRANSFORM_IDENTITY_BIT_KHR | VK_SURFACE_TRANSFORM_INHERIT_BIT_KHR)) {
		preTransform = VK_SURFACE_TRANSFORM_IDENTITY_BIT_KHR;
	} else if (surfCapabilities_.currentTransform & allowedRotations) {
		// Normal, sensible rotations. Let's handle it.
		preTransform = surfCapabilities_.currentTransform;
		g_display.rot_matrix.setIdentity();
		switch (surfCapabilities_.currentTransform) {
		case VK_SURFACE_TRANSFORM_ROTATE_90_BIT_KHR:
			g_display.rotation = DisplayRotation::ROTATE_90;
			g_display.rot_matrix.setRotationZ90();
			std::swap(swapChainExtent_.width, swapChainExtent_.height);
			break;
		case VK_SURFACE_TRANSFORM_ROTATE_180_BIT_KHR:
			g_display.rotation = DisplayRotation::ROTATE_180;
			g_display.rot_matrix.setRotationZ180();
			break;
		case VK_SURFACE_TRANSFORM_ROTATE_270_BIT_KHR:
			g_display.rotation = DisplayRotation::ROTATE_270;
			g_display.rot_matrix.setRotationZ270();
			std::swap(swapChainExtent_.width, swapChainExtent_.height);
			break;
		default:
			_dbg_assert_(false);
		}
	} else {
		// Let the OS rotate the image (potentially slower on many Android devices)
		preTransform = VK_SURFACE_TRANSFORM_IDENTITY_BIT_KHR;
	}

	// Only log transforms if relevant.
	if (surfCapabilities_.supportedTransforms != VK_SURFACE_TRANSFORM_IDENTITY_BIT_KHR) {
		std::string preTransformStr = surface_transforms_to_string(preTransform);
		INFO_LOG(Log::G3D, "Transform supported: %s current: %s chosen: %s", supportedTransforms.c_str(), currentTransform.c_str(), preTransformStr.c_str());
	}

	if (physicalDeviceProperties_[physical_device_].properties.vendorID == VULKAN_VENDOR_IMGTEC) {
		u32 driverVersion = physicalDeviceProperties_[physical_device_].properties.driverVersion;
		// Cutoff the hack at driver version 1.386.1368 (0x00582558, see issue #15773).
		if (driverVersion < 0x00582558) {
			INFO_LOG(Log::G3D, "Applying PowerVR hack (rounding off the width!) driverVersion=%08x", driverVersion);
			// Swap chain width hack to avoid issue #11743 (PowerVR driver bug).
			// To keep the size consistent even with pretransform, do this after the swap. Should be fine.
			// This is fixed in newer PowerVR drivers but I don't know the cutoff.
			swapChainExtent_.width &= ~31;

			// TODO: Also modify display_xres/display_yres appropriately for scissors to match.
			// This will get a bit messy. Ideally we should remove that logic from app-android.cpp
			// and move it here, but the OpenGL code still needs it.
		} else {
			INFO_LOG(Log::G3D, "PowerVR driver version new enough (%08x), not applying swapchain width hack", driverVersion);
		}
	}

	VkSwapchainCreateInfoKHR swap_chain_info{ VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SWAPCHAIN_CREATE_INFO_KHR };
	swap_chain_info.surface = surface_;
	swap_chain_info.minImageCount = desiredNumberOfSwapChainImages;
	swap_chain_info.imageFormat = swapchainFormat_;
	swap_chain_info.imageColorSpace = VK_COLOR_SPACE_SRGB_NONLINEAR_KHR;
	swap_chain_info.imageExtent.width = swapChainExtent_.width;
	swap_chain_info.imageExtent.height = swapChainExtent_.height;
	swap_chain_info.preTransform = preTransform;
	swap_chain_info.imageArrayLayers = 1;
	swap_chain_info.presentMode = swapchainPresentMode;
	swap_chain_info.oldSwapchain = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
	swap_chain_info.clipped = true;
	swap_chain_info.imageUsage = VK_IMAGE_USAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_BIT;

	presentMode_ = swapchainPresentMode;

	// We don't support screenshots on Android if TRANSFER_SRC usage flag is not supported.
	if (surfCapabilities_.supportedUsageFlags & VK_IMAGE_USAGE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT) {
		swap_chain_info.imageUsage |= VK_IMAGE_USAGE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT;
	}

	swap_chain_info.imageSharingMode = VK_SHARING_MODE_EXCLUSIVE;
	swap_chain_info.queueFamilyIndexCount = 0;
	swap_chain_info.pQueueFamilyIndices = NULL;
	// OPAQUE is not supported everywhere.
	if (surfCapabilities_.supportedCompositeAlpha & VK_COMPOSITE_ALPHA_OPAQUE_BIT_KHR) {
		swap_chain_info.compositeAlpha = VK_COMPOSITE_ALPHA_OPAQUE_BIT_KHR;
	} else {
		// This should be supported anywhere, and is the only thing supported on the SHIELD TV, for example.
		swap_chain_info.compositeAlpha = VK_COMPOSITE_ALPHA_INHERIT_BIT_KHR;
	}

	res = vkCreateSwapchainKHR(device_, &swap_chain_info, NULL, &swapchain_);
	if (res != VK_SUCCESS) {
		ERROR_LOG(Log::G3D, "vkCreateSwapchainKHR failed!");
		return false;
	}
	INFO_LOG(Log::G3D, "Created swapchain: %dx%d %s", swap_chain_info.imageExtent.width, swap_chain_info.imageExtent.height, (surfCapabilities_.supportedUsageFlags & VK_IMAGE_USAGE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT) ? "(TRANSFER_SRC_BIT supported)" : "");
	swapchainInited_ = true;
	return true;
}

void VulkanContext::SetCbGetDrawSize(std::function<VkExtent2D()> cb) {
	cbGetDrawSize_ = cb;
}

VkFence VulkanContext::CreateFence(bool presignalled) {
	VkFence fence;
	VkFenceCreateInfo fenceInfo{ VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_FENCE_CREATE_INFO };
	fenceInfo.flags = presignalled ? VK_FENCE_CREATE_SIGNALED_BIT : 0;
	vkCreateFence(device_, &fenceInfo, NULL, &fence);
	return fence;
}

void VulkanContext::PerformPendingDeletes() {
	for (int i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(frame_); i++) {
		frame_[i].deleteList.PerformDeletes(this, allocator_);
	}
	Delete().PerformDeletes(this, allocator_);
}

void VulkanContext::DestroyDevice() {
	if (swapchain_) {
		ERROR_LOG(Log::G3D, "DestroyDevice: Swapchain should have been destroyed.");
	}
	if (surface_) {
		ERROR_LOG(Log::G3D, "DestroyDevice: Surface should have been destroyed.");
	}

	for (int i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(frame_); i++) {
		frame_[i].profiler.Shutdown();
	}

	INFO_LOG(Log::G3D, "VulkanContext::DestroyDevice (performing deletes)");
	PerformPendingDeletes();

	vmaDestroyAllocator(allocator_);
	allocator_ = VK_NULL_HANDLE;

	vkDestroyDevice(device_, nullptr);
	device_ = nullptr;
}

bool VulkanContext::CreateShaderModule(const std::vector<uint32_t> &spirv, VkShaderModule *shaderModule, const char *tag) {
	VkShaderModuleCreateInfo sm{ VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SHADER_MODULE_CREATE_INFO };
	sm.pCode = spirv.data();
	sm.codeSize = spirv.size() * sizeof(uint32_t);
	sm.flags = 0;
	VkResult result = vkCreateShaderModule(device_, &sm, nullptr, shaderModule);
	if (tag) {
		SetDebugName(*shaderModule, VK_OBJECT_TYPE_SHADER_MODULE, tag);
	}
	if (result != VK_SUCCESS) {
		return false;
	} else {
		return true;
	}
}

EShLanguage FindLanguage(const VkShaderStageFlagBits shader_type) {
	switch (shader_type) {
	case VK_SHADER_STAGE_VERTEX_BIT:
		return EShLangVertex;

	case VK_SHADER_STAGE_TESSELLATION_CONTROL_BIT:
		return EShLangTessControl;

	case VK_SHADER_STAGE_TESSELLATION_EVALUATION_BIT:
		return EShLangTessEvaluation;

	case VK_SHADER_STAGE_GEOMETRY_BIT:
		return EShLangGeometry;

	case VK_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT_BIT:
		return EShLangFragment;

	case VK_SHADER_STAGE_COMPUTE_BIT:
		return EShLangCompute;

	default:
		return EShLangVertex;
	}
}

// Compile a given string containing GLSL into SPV for use by VK
// Return value of false means an error was encountered.
bool GLSLtoSPV(const VkShaderStageFlagBits shader_type, const char *sourceCode, GLSLVariant variant,
			   std::vector<unsigned int> &spirv, std::string *errorMessage) {

	glslang::TProgram program;
	const char *shaderStrings[1];
	TBuiltInResource Resources{};
	InitShaderResources(Resources);

	int defaultVersion = 0;
	EShMessages messages;
	EProfile profile;

	switch (variant) {
	case GLSLVariant::VULKAN:
		// Enable SPIR-V and Vulkan rules when parsing GLSL
		messages = (EShMessages)(EShMsgSpvRules | EShMsgVulkanRules);
		defaultVersion = 450;
		profile = ECoreProfile;
		break;
	case GLSLVariant::GL140:
		messages = (EShMessages)(EShMsgDefault);
		defaultVersion = 140;
		profile = ECompatibilityProfile;
		break;
	case GLSLVariant::GLES300:
		messages = (EShMessages)(EShMsgDefault);
		defaultVersion = 300;
		profile = EEsProfile;
		break;
	default:
		return false;
	}

	EShLanguage stage = FindLanguage(shader_type);
	glslang::TShader shader(stage);

	shaderStrings[0] = sourceCode;
	shader.setStrings(shaderStrings, 1);

	if (!shader.parse(&Resources, defaultVersion, profile, false, true, messages)) {
		puts(shader.getInfoLog());
		puts(shader.getInfoDebugLog());
		if (errorMessage) {
			*errorMessage = shader.getInfoLog();
			(*errorMessage) += shader.getInfoDebugLog();
		}
		return false; // something didn't work
	}

	// TODO: Propagate warnings into errorMessages even if we succeeded here.

	// Note that program does not take ownership of &shader, so this is fine.
	program.addShader(&shader);

	if (!program.link(messages)) {
		puts(shader.getInfoLog());
		puts(shader.getInfoDebugLog());
		if (errorMessage) {
			*errorMessage = shader.getInfoLog();
			(*errorMessage) += shader.getInfoDebugLog();
		}
		return false;
	}

	// Can't fail, parsing worked, "linking" worked.
	glslang::SpvOptions options;
	options.disableOptimizer = false;
	options.optimizeSize = false;
	options.generateDebugInfo = false;
	glslang::GlslangToSpv(*program.getIntermediate(stage), spirv, &options);
	return true;
}

void init_glslang() {
	glslang::InitializeProcess();
}

void finalize_glslang() {
	glslang::FinalizeProcess();
}

void VulkanDeleteList::Take(VulkanDeleteList &del) {
	_dbg_assert_(cmdPools_.empty());
	_dbg_assert_(descPools_.empty());
	_dbg_assert_(modules_.empty());
	_dbg_assert_(buffers_.empty());
	_dbg_assert_(bufferViews_.empty());
	_dbg_assert_(buffersWithAllocs_.empty());
	_dbg_assert_(imageViews_.empty());
	_dbg_assert_(imagesWithAllocs_.empty());
	_dbg_assert_(deviceMemory_.empty());
	_dbg_assert_(samplers_.empty());
	_dbg_assert_(pipelines_.empty());
	_dbg_assert_(pipelineCaches_.empty());
	_dbg_assert_(renderPasses_.empty());
	_dbg_assert_(framebuffers_.empty());
	_dbg_assert_(pipelineLayouts_.empty());
	_dbg_assert_(descSetLayouts_.empty());
	_dbg_assert_(callbacks_.empty());
	cmdPools_ = std::move(del.cmdPools_);
	descPools_ = std::move(del.descPools_);
	modules_ = std::move(del.modules_);
	buffers_ = std::move(del.buffers_);
	buffersWithAllocs_ = std::move(del.buffersWithAllocs_);
	bufferViews_ = std::move(del.bufferViews_);
	imageViews_ = std::move(del.imageViews_);
	imagesWithAllocs_ = std::move(del.imagesWithAllocs_);
	deviceMemory_ = std::move(del.deviceMemory_);
	samplers_ = std::move(del.samplers_);
	pipelines_ = std::move(del.pipelines_);
	pipelineCaches_ = std::move(del.pipelineCaches_);
	renderPasses_ = std::move(del.renderPasses_);
	framebuffers_ = std::move(del.framebuffers_);
	pipelineLayouts_ = std::move(del.pipelineLayouts_);
	descSetLayouts_ = std::move(del.descSetLayouts_);
	callbacks_ = std::move(del.callbacks_);
	del.cmdPools_.clear();
	del.descPools_.clear();
	del.modules_.clear();
	del.buffers_.clear();
	del.buffersWithAllocs_.clear();
	del.imageViews_.clear();
	del.imagesWithAllocs_.clear();
	del.deviceMemory_.clear();
	del.samplers_.clear();
	del.pipelines_.clear();
	del.pipelineCaches_.clear();
	del.renderPasses_.clear();
	del.framebuffers_.clear();
	del.pipelineLayouts_.clear();
	del.descSetLayouts_.clear();
	del.callbacks_.clear();
}

void VulkanDeleteList::PerformDeletes(VulkanContext *vulkan, VmaAllocator allocator) {
	int deleteCount = 0;

	for (auto &callback : callbacks_) {
		callback.func(vulkan, callback.userdata);
		deleteCount++;
	}
	callbacks_.clear();

	VkDevice device = vulkan->GetDevice();
	for (auto &cmdPool : cmdPools_) {
		vkDestroyCommandPool(device, cmdPool, nullptr);
		deleteCount++;
	}
	cmdPools_.clear();
	for (auto &descPool : descPools_) {
		vkDestroyDescriptorPool(device, descPool, nullptr);
		deleteCount++;
	}
	descPools_.clear();
	for (auto &module : modules_) {
		vkDestroyShaderModule(device, module, nullptr);
		deleteCount++;
	}
	modules_.clear();
	for (auto &buf : buffers_) {
		vkDestroyBuffer(device, buf, nullptr);
		deleteCount++;
	}
	buffers_.clear();
	for (auto &buf : buffersWithAllocs_) {
		vmaDestroyBuffer(allocator, buf.buffer, buf.alloc);
		deleteCount++;
	}
	buffersWithAllocs_.clear();
	for (auto &bufView : bufferViews_) {
		vkDestroyBufferView(device, bufView, nullptr);
		deleteCount++;
	}
	bufferViews_.clear();
	for (auto &imageWithAlloc : imagesWithAllocs_) {
		vmaDestroyImage(allocator, imageWithAlloc.image, imageWithAlloc.alloc);
		deleteCount++;
	}
	imagesWithAllocs_.clear();
	for (auto &imageView : imageViews_) {
		vkDestroyImageView(device, imageView, nullptr);
		deleteCount++;
	}
	imageViews_.clear();
	for (auto &mem : deviceMemory_) {
		vkFreeMemory(device, mem, nullptr);
		deleteCount++;
	}
	deviceMemory_.clear();
	for (auto &sampler : samplers_) {
		vkDestroySampler(device, sampler, nullptr);
		deleteCount++;
	}
	samplers_.clear();
	for (auto &pipeline : pipelines_) {
		vkDestroyPipeline(device, pipeline, nullptr);
		deleteCount++;
	}
	pipelines_.clear();
	for (auto &pcache : pipelineCaches_) {
		vkDestroyPipelineCache(device, pcache, nullptr);
		deleteCount++;
	}
	pipelineCaches_.clear();
	for (auto &renderPass : renderPasses_) {
		vkDestroyRenderPass(device, renderPass, nullptr);
		deleteCount++;
	}
	renderPasses_.clear();
	for (auto &framebuffer : framebuffers_) {
		vkDestroyFramebuffer(device, framebuffer, nullptr);
		deleteCount++;
	}
	framebuffers_.clear();
	for (auto &pipeLayout : pipelineLayouts_) {
		vkDestroyPipelineLayout(device, pipeLayout, nullptr);
		deleteCount++;
	}
	pipelineLayouts_.clear();
	for (auto &descSetLayout : descSetLayouts_) {
		vkDestroyDescriptorSetLayout(device, descSetLayout, nullptr);
		deleteCount++;
	}
	descSetLayouts_.clear();
	for (auto &queryPool : queryPools_) {
		vkDestroyQueryPool(device, queryPool, nullptr);
		deleteCount++;
	}
	queryPools_.clear();
	deleteCount_ = deleteCount;
}

void VulkanContext::GetImageMemoryRequirements(VkImage image, VkMemoryRequirements *mem_reqs, bool *dedicatedAllocation) {
	if (Extensions().KHR_dedicated_allocation) {
		VkImageMemoryRequirementsInfo2KHR memReqInfo2{VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_MEMORY_REQUIREMENTS_INFO_2_KHR};
		memReqInfo2.image = image;

		VkMemoryRequirements2KHR memReq2 = {VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_MEMORY_REQUIREMENTS_2_KHR};
		VkMemoryDedicatedRequirementsKHR memDedicatedReq{VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_MEMORY_DEDICATED_REQUIREMENTS_KHR};
		ChainStruct(memReq2, &memDedicatedReq);

		vkGetImageMemoryRequirements2(GetDevice(), &memReqInfo2, &memReq2);

		*mem_reqs = memReq2.memoryRequirements;
		*dedicatedAllocation =
			(memDedicatedReq.requiresDedicatedAllocation != VK_FALSE) ||
			(memDedicatedReq.prefersDedicatedAllocation != VK_FALSE);
	} else {
		vkGetImageMemoryRequirements(GetDevice(), image, mem_reqs);
		*dedicatedAllocation = false;
	}
}

bool IsHashMaliDriverVersion(const VkPhysicalDeviceProperties &props) {
	// ARM used to put a hash in place of the driver version.
	// Now they only use major versions. We'll just make a bad heuristic.
	uint32_t major = VK_VERSION_MAJOR(props.driverVersion);
	uint32_t branch = VK_VERSION_PATCH(props.driverVersion);
	if (branch > 0)
		return true;
	if (branch > 100 || major > 100)
		return true;
	// Can (in theory) have false negatives!
	return false;
}

// From Sascha's code
std::string FormatDriverVersion(const VkPhysicalDeviceProperties &props) {
	if (props.vendorID == VULKAN_VENDOR_NVIDIA) {
		// For whatever reason, NVIDIA has their own scheme.
		// 10 bits = major version (up to r1023)
		// 8 bits = minor version (up to 255)
		// 8 bits = secondary branch version/build version (up to 255)
		// 6 bits = tertiary branch/build version (up to 63)
		uint32_t major = (props.driverVersion >> 22) & 0x3ff;
		uint32_t minor = (props.driverVersion >> 14) & 0x0ff;
		uint32_t secondaryBranch = (props.driverVersion >> 6) & 0x0ff;
		uint32_t tertiaryBranch = (props.driverVersion) & 0x003f;
		return StringFromFormat("%d.%d.%d.%d", major, minor, secondaryBranch, tertiaryBranch);
	} else if (props.vendorID == VULKAN_VENDOR_ARM) {
		// ARM used to just put a hash here. No point in splitting it up.
		if (IsHashMaliDriverVersion(props)) {
			return StringFromFormat("(hash) %08x", props.driverVersion);
		}
	}
	// Qualcomm has an inscrutable versioning scheme. Let's just display it as normal.
	// Standard scheme, use the standard macros.
	uint32_t major = VK_VERSION_MAJOR(props.driverVersion);
	uint32_t minor = VK_VERSION_MINOR(props.driverVersion);
	uint32_t branch = VK_VERSION_PATCH(props.driverVersion);
	return StringFromFormat("%d.%d.%d (%08x)", major, minor, branch, props.driverVersion);
}

std::string FormatAPIVersion(u32 version) {
	return StringFromFormat("%d.%d.%d", VK_API_VERSION_MAJOR(version), VK_API_VERSION_MINOR(version), VK_API_VERSION_PATCH(version));
}

// Mainly just the formats seen on gpuinfo.org for swapchains, as this function is only used for listing
// those in the UI. Also depth buffers that we used in one place.
// Might add more in the future if we find more uses for this.
const char *VulkanFormatToString(VkFormat format) {
	switch (format) {
	case VK_FORMAT_A1R5G5B5_UNORM_PACK16: return "A1R5G5B5_UNORM_PACK16";
	case VK_FORMAT_A2B10G10R10_UNORM_PACK32: return "A2B10G10R10_UNORM_PACK32";
	case VK_FORMAT_A2R10G10B10_UNORM_PACK32: return "A2R10G10B10_UNORM_PACK32";
	case VK_FORMAT_A8B8G8R8_SNORM_PACK32: return "A8B8G8R8_SNORM_PACK32";
	case VK_FORMAT_A8B8G8R8_SRGB_PACK32: return "A8B8G8R8_SRGB_PACK32";
	case VK_FORMAT_A8B8G8R8_UNORM_PACK32: return "A8B8G8R8_UNORM_PACK32";
	case VK_FORMAT_B10G11R11_UFLOAT_PACK32: return "B10G11R11_UFLOAT_PACK32";
	case VK_FORMAT_B4G4R4A4_UNORM_PACK16: return "B4G4R4A4_UNORM_PACK16";
	case VK_FORMAT_B5G5R5A1_UNORM_PACK16: return "B5G5R5A1_UNORM_PACK16";
	case VK_FORMAT_B5G6R5_UNORM_PACK16: return "B5G6R5_UNORM_PACK16";
	case VK_FORMAT_B8G8R8A8_SNORM: return "B8G8R8A8_SNORM";
	case VK_FORMAT_B8G8R8A8_SRGB: return "B8G8R8A8_SRGB";
	case VK_FORMAT_B8G8R8A8_UNORM: return "B8G8R8A8_UNORM";
	case VK_FORMAT_R16G16B16A16_SFLOAT: return "R16G16B16A16_SFLOAT";
	case VK_FORMAT_R16G16B16A16_SNORM: return "R16G16B16A16_SNORM";
	case VK_FORMAT_R16G16B16A16_UNORM: return "R16G16B16A16_UNORM";
	case VK_FORMAT_R4G4B4A4_UNORM_PACK16: return "R4G4B4A4_UNORM_PACK16";
	case VK_FORMAT_R5G5B5A1_UNORM_PACK16: return "R5G5B5A1_UNORM_PACK16";
	case VK_FORMAT_R5G6B5_UNORM_PACK16: return "R5G6B5_UNORM_PACK16";
	case VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_SNORM: return "R8G8B8A8_SNORM";
	case VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_SRGB: return "R8G8B8A8_SRGB";
	case VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM: return "R8G8B8A8_UNORM";

	case VK_FORMAT_D24_UNORM_S8_UINT: return "D24S8";
	case VK_FORMAT_D16_UNORM: return "D16";
	case VK_FORMAT_D16_UNORM_S8_UINT: return "D16S8";
	case VK_FORMAT_D32_SFLOAT: return "D32f";
	case VK_FORMAT_D32_SFLOAT_S8_UINT: return "D32fS8";
	case VK_FORMAT_S8_UINT: return "S8";
	case VK_FORMAT_UNDEFINED: return "UNDEFINED (BAD!)";

	default: return "(format not added to string list)";
	}
}

// I miss Rust where this is automatic :(
const char *VulkanColorSpaceToString(VkColorSpaceKHR colorSpace) {
	switch (colorSpace) {
	case VK_COLOR_SPACE_SRGB_NONLINEAR_KHR: return "SRGB_NONLINEAR";
	case VK_COLOR_SPACE_DISPLAY_P3_NONLINEAR_EXT: return "DISPLAY_P3_NONLINEAR";
	case VK_COLOR_SPACE_EXTENDED_SRGB_LINEAR_EXT: return "EXTENDED_SRGB_LINEAR";
	case VK_COLOR_SPACE_DISPLAY_P3_LINEAR_EXT: return "DISPLAY_P3_LINEAR";
	case VK_COLOR_SPACE_DCI_P3_NONLINEAR_EXT: return "DCI_P3_NONLINEAR"; 
	case VK_COLOR_SPACE_BT709_LINEAR_EXT: return "BT709_LINEAR";
	case VK_COLOR_SPACE_BT709_NONLINEAR_EXT: return "BT709_NONLINEAR";
	case VK_COLOR_SPACE_BT2020_LINEAR_EXT: return "BT2020_LINEAR";
	case VK_COLOR_SPACE_HDR10_ST2084_EXT: return "HDR10_ST2084";
	case VK_COLOR_SPACE_DOLBYVISION_EXT: return "DOLBYVISION";
	case VK_COLOR_SPACE_HDR10_HLG_EXT: return "HDR10_HLG";
	case VK_COLOR_SPACE_ADOBERGB_LINEAR_EXT: return "ADOBERGB_LINEAR";
	case VK_COLOR_SPACE_ADOBERGB_NONLINEAR_EXT: return "ADOBERGB_NONLINEAR";
	case VK_COLOR_SPACE_PASS_THROUGH_EXT: return "PASS_THROUGH";
	case VK_COLOR_SPACE_EXTENDED_SRGB_NONLINEAR_EXT: return "EXTENDED_SRGB_NONLINEAR";
	case VK_COLOR_SPACE_DISPLAY_NATIVE_AMD: return "DISPLAY_NATIVE_AMD";
	default: return "(unknown)";
	}
}