text_extraction_with_bert.ipynb

Kernel: Python 3

Text Extraction with BERT

Author: Apoorv Nandan
Date created: 2020/05/23
Last modified: 2020/05/23
Description: Fine tune pretrained BERT from HuggingFace Transformers on SQuAD.

Introduction

This demonstration uses SQuAD (Stanford Question-Answering Dataset). In SQuAD, an input consists of a question, and a paragraph for context. The goal is to find the span of text in the paragraph that answers the question. We evaluate our performance on this data with the "Exact Match" metric, which measures the percentage of predictions that exactly match any one of the ground-truth answers.

We fine-tune a BERT model to perform this task as follows:

1. Feed the context and the question as inputs to BERT.

2. Take two vectors S and T with dimensions equal to that of hidden states in BERT.

3. Compute the probability of each token being the start and end of the answer span. The probability of a token being the start of the answer is given by a dot product between S and the representation of the token in the last layer of BERT, followed by a softmax over all tokens. The probability of a token being the end of the answer is computed similarly with the vector T.

4. Fine-tune BERT and learn S and T along the way.

References:

• BERT

• SQuAD

Setup

import os
import re
import json
import string
import numpy as np
import tensorflow as tf
from tensorflow import keras
from tensorflow.keras import layers
from tokenizers import BertWordPieceTokenizer
from transformers import BertTokenizer, TFBertModel, BertConfig

max_len = 384
configuration = BertConfig()  # default parameters and configuration for BERT

Set-up BERT tokenizer

# Save the slow pretrained tokenizer
slow_tokenizer = BertTokenizer.from_pretrained("bert-base-uncased")
save_path = "bert_base_uncased/"
if not os.path.exists(save_path):
    os.makedirs(save_path)
slow_tokenizer.save_pretrained(save_path)

# Load the fast tokenizer from saved file
tokenizer = BertWordPieceTokenizer("bert_base_uncased/vocab.txt", lowercase=True)

Load the data

train_data_url = "https://rajpurkar.github.io/SQuAD-explorer/dataset/train-v1.1.json"
train_path = keras.utils.get_file("train.json", train_data_url)
eval_data_url = "https://rajpurkar.github.io/SQuAD-explorer/dataset/dev-v1.1.json"
eval_path = keras.utils.get_file("eval.json", eval_data_url)

Preprocess the data

1. Go through the JSON file and store every record as a SquadExample object.

2. Go through each SquadExample and create x_train, y_train, x_eval, y_eval.

class SquadExample:
    def __init__(self, question, context, start_char_idx, answer_text, all_answers):
        self.question = question
        self.context = context
        self.start_char_idx = start_char_idx
        self.answer_text = answer_text
        self.all_answers = all_answers
        self.skip = False

    def preprocess(self):
        context = self.context
        question = self.question
        answer_text = self.answer_text
        start_char_idx = self.start_char_idx

        # Clean context, answer and question
        context = " ".join(str(context).split())
        question = " ".join(str(question).split())
        answer = " ".join(str(answer_text).split())

        # Find end character index of answer in context
        end_char_idx = start_char_idx + len(answer)
        if end_char_idx >= len(context):
            self.skip = True
            return

        # Mark the character indexes in context that are in answer
        is_char_in_ans = [0] * len(context)
        for idx in range(start_char_idx, end_char_idx):
            is_char_in_ans[idx] = 1

        # Tokenize context
        tokenized_context = tokenizer.encode(context)

        # Find tokens that were created from answer characters
        ans_token_idx = []
        for idx, (start, end) in enumerate(tokenized_context.offsets):
            if sum(is_char_in_ans[start:end]) > 0:
                ans_token_idx.append(idx)

        if len(ans_token_idx) == 0:
            self.skip = True
            return

        # Find start and end token index for tokens from answer
        start_token_idx = ans_token_idx[0]
        end_token_idx = ans_token_idx[-1]

        # Tokenize question
        tokenized_question = tokenizer.encode(question)

        # Create inputs
        input_ids = tokenized_context.ids + tokenized_question.ids[1:]
        token_type_ids = [0] * len(tokenized_context.ids) + [1] * len(
            tokenized_question.ids[1:]
        )
        attention_mask = [1] * len(input_ids)

        # Pad and create attention masks.
        # Skip if truncation is needed
        padding_length = max_len - len(input_ids)
        if padding_length > 0:  # pad
            input_ids = input_ids + ([0] * padding_length)
            attention_mask = attention_mask + ([0] * padding_length)
            token_type_ids = token_type_ids + ([0] * padding_length)
        elif padding_length < 0:  # skip
            self.skip = True
            return

        self.input_ids = input_ids
        self.token_type_ids = token_type_ids
        self.attention_mask = attention_mask
        self.start_token_idx = start_token_idx
        self.end_token_idx = end_token_idx
        self.context_token_to_char = tokenized_context.offsets


with open(train_path) as f:
    raw_train_data = json.load(f)

with open(eval_path) as f:
    raw_eval_data = json.load(f)


def create_squad_examples(raw_data):
    squad_examples = []
    for item in raw_data["data"]:
        for para in item["paragraphs"]:
            context = para["context"]
            for qa in para["qas"]:
                question = qa["question"]
                answer_text = qa["answers"][0]["text"]
                all_answers = [_["text"] for _ in qa["answers"]]
                start_char_idx = qa["answers"][0]["answer_start"]
                squad_eg = SquadExample(
                    question, context, start_char_idx, answer_text, all_answers
                )
                squad_eg.preprocess()
                squad_examples.append(squad_eg)
    return squad_examples


def create_inputs_targets(squad_examples):
    dataset_dict = {
        "input_ids": [],
        "token_type_ids": [],
        "attention_mask": [],
        "start_token_idx": [],
        "end_token_idx": [],
    }
    for item in squad_examples:
        if item.skip == False:
            for key in dataset_dict:
                dataset_dict[key].append(getattr(item, key))
    for key in dataset_dict:
        dataset_dict[key] = np.array(dataset_dict[key])

    x = [
        dataset_dict["input_ids"],
        dataset_dict["token_type_ids"],
        dataset_dict["attention_mask"],
    ]
    y = [dataset_dict["start_token_idx"], dataset_dict["end_token_idx"]]
    return x, y


train_squad_examples = create_squad_examples(raw_train_data)
x_train, y_train = create_inputs_targets(train_squad_examples)
print(f"{len(train_squad_examples)} training points created.")

eval_squad_examples = create_squad_examples(raw_eval_data)
x_eval, y_eval = create_inputs_targets(eval_squad_examples)
print(f"{len(eval_squad_examples)} evaluation points created.")

Create the Question-Answering Model using BERT and Functional API

def create_model():
    ## BERT encoder
    encoder = TFBertModel.from_pretrained("bert-base-uncased")

    ## QA Model
    input_ids = layers.Input(shape=(max_len,), dtype=tf.int32)
    token_type_ids = layers.Input(shape=(max_len,), dtype=tf.int32)
    attention_mask = layers.Input(shape=(max_len,), dtype=tf.int32)
    embedding = encoder(
        input_ids, token_type_ids=token_type_ids, attention_mask=attention_mask
    )[0]

    start_logits = layers.Dense(1, name="start_logit", use_bias=False)(embedding)
    start_logits = layers.Flatten()(start_logits)

    end_logits = layers.Dense(1, name="end_logit", use_bias=False)(embedding)
    end_logits = layers.Flatten()(end_logits)

    start_probs = layers.Activation(keras.activations.softmax)(start_logits)
    end_probs = layers.Activation(keras.activations.softmax)(end_logits)

    model = keras.Model(
        inputs=[input_ids, token_type_ids, attention_mask],
        outputs=[start_probs, end_probs],
    )
    loss = keras.losses.SparseCategoricalCrossentropy(from_logits=False)
    optimizer = keras.optimizers.Adam(lr=5e-5)
    model.compile(optimizer=optimizer, loss=[loss, loss])
    return model

This code should preferably be run on Google Colab TPU runtime. With Colab TPUs, each epoch will take 5-6 minutes.

use_tpu = True
if use_tpu:
    # Create distribution strategy
    tpu = tf.distribute.cluster_resolver.TPUClusterResolver.connect()
    strategy = tf.distribute.TPUStrategy(tpu)

    # Create model
    with strategy.scope():
        model = create_model()
else:
    model = create_model()

model.summary()

Create evaluation Callback

This callback will compute the exact match score using the validation data after every epoch.

def normalize_text(text):
    text = text.lower()

    # Remove punctuations
    exclude = set(string.punctuation)
    text = "".join(ch for ch in text if ch not in exclude)

    # Remove articles
    regex = re.compile(r"\b(a|an|the)\b", re.UNICODE)
    text = re.sub(regex, " ", text)

    # Remove extra white space
    text = " ".join(text.split())
    return text


class ExactMatch(keras.callbacks.Callback):
    """
    Each `SquadExample` object contains the character level offsets for each token
    in its input paragraph. We use them to get back the span of text corresponding
    to the tokens between our predicted start and end tokens.
    All the ground-truth answers are also present in each `SquadExample` object.
    We calculate the percentage of data points where the span of text obtained
    from model predictions matches one of the ground-truth answers.
    """

    def __init__(self, x_eval, y_eval):
        self.x_eval = x_eval
        self.y_eval = y_eval

    def on_epoch_end(self, epoch, logs=None):
        pred_start, pred_end = self.model.predict(self.x_eval)
        count = 0
        eval_examples_no_skip = [_ for _ in eval_squad_examples if _.skip == False]
        for idx, (start, end) in enumerate(zip(pred_start, pred_end)):
            squad_eg = eval_examples_no_skip[idx]
            offsets = squad_eg.context_token_to_char
            start = np.argmax(start)
            end = np.argmax(end)
            if start >= len(offsets):
                continue
            pred_char_start = offsets[start][0]
            if end < len(offsets):
                pred_char_end = offsets[end][1]
                pred_ans = squad_eg.context[pred_char_start:pred_char_end]
            else:
                pred_ans = squad_eg.context[pred_char_start:]

            normalized_pred_ans = normalize_text(pred_ans)
            normalized_true_ans = [normalize_text(_) for _ in squad_eg.all_answers]
            if normalized_pred_ans in normalized_true_ans:
                count += 1
        acc = count / len(self.y_eval[0])
        print(f"\nepoch={epoch+1}, exact match score={acc:.2f}")

Train and Evaluate

exact_match_callback = ExactMatch(x_eval, y_eval)
model.fit(
    x_train,
    y_train,
    epochs=1,  # For demonstration, 3 epochs are recommended
    verbose=2,
    batch_size=64,
    callbacks=[exact_match_callback],
)