scx_qmap.bpf.c

/* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 */
/*
 * A simple five-level FIFO queue scheduler.
 *
 * There are five FIFOs implemented using BPF_MAP_TYPE_QUEUE. A task gets
 * assigned to one depending on its compound weight. Each CPU round robins
 * through the FIFOs and dispatches more from FIFOs with higher indices - 1 from
 * queue0, 2 from queue1, 4 from queue2 and so on.
 *
 * This scheduler demonstrates:
 *
 * - BPF-side queueing using PIDs.
 * - Sleepable per-task storage allocation using ops.prep_enable().
 * - Using ops.cpu_release() to handle a higher priority scheduling class taking
 *   the CPU away.
 * - Core-sched support.
 *
 * This scheduler is primarily for demonstration and testing of sched_ext
 * features and unlikely to be useful for actual workloads.
 *
 * Copyright (c) 2022 Meta Platforms, Inc. and affiliates.
 * Copyright (c) 2022 Tejun Heo <[email protected]>
 * Copyright (c) 2022 David Vernet <[email protected]>
 */
#include <scx/common.bpf.h>

enum consts {
	ONE_SEC_IN_NS		= 1000000000,
	SHARED_DSQ		= 0,
	HIGHPRI_DSQ		= 1,
	HIGHPRI_WEIGHT		= 8668,		/* this is what -20 maps to */
};

char _license[] SEC("license") = "GPL";

const volatile u64 slice_ns;
const volatile u32 stall_user_nth;
const volatile u32 stall_kernel_nth;
const volatile u32 dsp_inf_loop_after;
const volatile u32 dsp_batch;
const volatile bool highpri_boosting;
const volatile bool print_dsqs_and_events;
const volatile bool print_msgs;
const volatile s32 disallow_tgid;
const volatile bool suppress_dump;

u64 nr_highpri_queued;
u32 test_error_cnt;

UEI_DEFINE(uei);

struct qmap {
	__uint(type, BPF_MAP_TYPE_QUEUE);
	__uint(max_entries, 4096);
	__type(value, u32);
} queue0 SEC(".maps"),
  queue1 SEC(".maps"),
  queue2 SEC(".maps"),
  queue3 SEC(".maps"),
  queue4 SEC(".maps"),
  dump_store SEC(".maps");

struct {
	__uint(type, BPF_MAP_TYPE_ARRAY_OF_MAPS);
	__uint(max_entries, 5);
	__type(key, int);
	__array(values, struct qmap);
} queue_arr SEC(".maps") = {
	.values = {
		[0] = &queue0,
		[1] = &queue1,
		[2] = &queue2,
		[3] = &queue3,
		[4] = &queue4,
	},
};

/*
 * If enabled, CPU performance target is set according to the queue index
 * according to the following table.
 */
static const u32 qidx_to_cpuperf_target[] = {
	[0] = SCX_CPUPERF_ONE * 0 / 4,
	[1] = SCX_CPUPERF_ONE * 1 / 4,
	[2] = SCX_CPUPERF_ONE * 2 / 4,
	[3] = SCX_CPUPERF_ONE * 3 / 4,
	[4] = SCX_CPUPERF_ONE * 4 / 4,
};

/*
 * Per-queue sequence numbers to implement core-sched ordering.
 *
 * Tail seq is assigned to each queued task and incremented. Head seq tracks the
 * sequence number of the latest dispatched task. The distance between the a
 * task's seq and the associated queue's head seq is called the queue distance
 * and used when comparing two tasks for ordering. See qmap_core_sched_before().
 */
static u64 core_sched_head_seqs[5];
static u64 core_sched_tail_seqs[5];

/* Per-task scheduling context */
struct task_ctx {
	bool	force_local;	/* Dispatch directly to local_dsq */
	bool	highpri;
	u64	core_sched_seq;
};

struct {
	__uint(type, BPF_MAP_TYPE_TASK_STORAGE);
	__uint(map_flags, BPF_F_NO_PREALLOC);
	__type(key, int);
	__type(value, struct task_ctx);
} task_ctx_stor SEC(".maps");

struct cpu_ctx {
	u64	dsp_idx;	/* dispatch index */
	u64	dsp_cnt;	/* remaining count */
	u32	avg_weight;
	u32	cpuperf_target;
};

struct {
	__uint(type, BPF_MAP_TYPE_PERCPU_ARRAY);
	__uint(max_entries, 1);
	__type(key, u32);
	__type(value, struct cpu_ctx);
} cpu_ctx_stor SEC(".maps");

/* Statistics */
u64 nr_enqueued, nr_dispatched, nr_reenqueued, nr_dequeued, nr_ddsp_from_enq;
u64 nr_core_sched_execed;
u64 nr_expedited_local, nr_expedited_remote, nr_expedited_lost, nr_expedited_from_timer;
u32 cpuperf_min, cpuperf_avg, cpuperf_max;
u32 cpuperf_target_min, cpuperf_target_avg, cpuperf_target_max;

static s32 pick_direct_dispatch_cpu(struct task_struct *p, s32 prev_cpu)
{
	s32 cpu;

	if (p->nr_cpus_allowed == 1 ||
	    scx_bpf_test_and_clear_cpu_idle(prev_cpu))
		return prev_cpu;

	cpu = scx_bpf_pick_idle_cpu(p->cpus_ptr, 0);
	if (cpu >= 0)
		return cpu;

	return -1;
}

static struct task_ctx *lookup_task_ctx(struct task_struct *p)
{
	struct task_ctx *tctx;

	if (!(tctx = bpf_task_storage_get(&task_ctx_stor, p, 0, 0))) {
		scx_bpf_error("task_ctx lookup failed");
		return NULL;
	}
	return tctx;
}

s32 BPF_STRUCT_OPS(qmap_select_cpu, struct task_struct *p,
		   s32 prev_cpu, u64 wake_flags)
{
	struct task_ctx *tctx;
	s32 cpu;

	if (!(tctx = lookup_task_ctx(p)))
		return -ESRCH;

	cpu = pick_direct_dispatch_cpu(p, prev_cpu);

	if (cpu >= 0) {
		tctx->force_local = true;
		return cpu;
	} else {
		return prev_cpu;
	}
}

static int weight_to_idx(u32 weight)
{
	/* Coarsely map the compound weight to a FIFO. */
	if (weight <= 25)
		return 0;
	else if (weight <= 50)
		return 1;
	else if (weight < 200)
		return 2;
	else if (weight < 400)
		return 3;
	else
		return 4;
}

void BPF_STRUCT_OPS(qmap_enqueue, struct task_struct *p, u64 enq_flags)
{
	static u32 user_cnt, kernel_cnt;
	struct task_ctx *tctx;
	u32 pid = p->pid;
	int idx = weight_to_idx(p->scx.weight);
	void *ring;
	s32 cpu;

	if (p->flags & PF_KTHREAD) {
		if (stall_kernel_nth && !(++kernel_cnt % stall_kernel_nth))
			return;
	} else {
		if (stall_user_nth && !(++user_cnt % stall_user_nth))
			return;
	}

	if (test_error_cnt && !--test_error_cnt)
		scx_bpf_error("test triggering error");

	if (!(tctx = lookup_task_ctx(p)))
		return;

	/*
	 * All enqueued tasks must have their core_sched_seq updated for correct
	 * core-sched ordering. Also, take a look at the end of qmap_dispatch().
	 */
	tctx->core_sched_seq = core_sched_tail_seqs[idx]++;

	/*
	 * If qmap_select_cpu() is telling us to or this is the last runnable
	 * task on the CPU, enqueue locally.
	 */
	if (tctx->force_local) {
		tctx->force_local = false;
		scx_bpf_dsq_insert(p, SCX_DSQ_LOCAL, slice_ns, enq_flags);
		return;
	}

	/* if select_cpu() wasn't called, try direct dispatch */
	if (!__COMPAT_is_enq_cpu_selected(enq_flags) &&
	    (cpu = pick_direct_dispatch_cpu(p, scx_bpf_task_cpu(p))) >= 0) {
		__sync_fetch_and_add(&nr_ddsp_from_enq, 1);
		scx_bpf_dsq_insert(p, SCX_DSQ_LOCAL_ON | cpu, slice_ns, enq_flags);
		return;
	}

	/*
	 * If the task was re-enqueued due to the CPU being preempted by a
	 * higher priority scheduling class, just re-enqueue the task directly
	 * on the global DSQ. As we want another CPU to pick it up, find and
	 * kick an idle CPU.
	 */
	if (enq_flags & SCX_ENQ_REENQ) {
		s32 cpu;

		scx_bpf_dsq_insert(p, SHARED_DSQ, 0, enq_flags);
		cpu = scx_bpf_pick_idle_cpu(p->cpus_ptr, 0);
		if (cpu >= 0)
			scx_bpf_kick_cpu(cpu, SCX_KICK_IDLE);
		return;
	}

	ring = bpf_map_lookup_elem(&queue_arr, &idx);
	if (!ring) {
		scx_bpf_error("failed to find ring %d", idx);
		return;
	}

	/* Queue on the selected FIFO. If the FIFO overflows, punt to global. */
	if (bpf_map_push_elem(ring, &pid, 0)) {
		scx_bpf_dsq_insert(p, SHARED_DSQ, slice_ns, enq_flags);
		return;
	}

	if (highpri_boosting && p->scx.weight >= HIGHPRI_WEIGHT) {
		tctx->highpri = true;
		__sync_fetch_and_add(&nr_highpri_queued, 1);
	}
	__sync_fetch_and_add(&nr_enqueued, 1);
}

/*
 * The BPF queue map doesn't support removal and sched_ext can handle spurious
 * dispatches. qmap_dequeue() is only used to collect statistics.
 */
void BPF_STRUCT_OPS(qmap_dequeue, struct task_struct *p, u64 deq_flags)
{
	__sync_fetch_and_add(&nr_dequeued, 1);
	if (deq_flags & SCX_DEQ_CORE_SCHED_EXEC)
		__sync_fetch_and_add(&nr_core_sched_execed, 1);
}

static void update_core_sched_head_seq(struct task_struct *p)
{
	int idx = weight_to_idx(p->scx.weight);
	struct task_ctx *tctx;

	if ((tctx = lookup_task_ctx(p)))
		core_sched_head_seqs[idx] = tctx->core_sched_seq;
}

/*
 * To demonstrate the use of scx_bpf_dsq_move(), implement silly selective
 * priority boosting mechanism by scanning SHARED_DSQ looking for highpri tasks,
 * moving them to HIGHPRI_DSQ and then consuming them first. This makes minor
 * difference only when dsp_batch is larger than 1.
 *
 * scx_bpf_dispatch[_vtime]_from_dsq() are allowed both from ops.dispatch() and
 * non-rq-lock holding BPF programs. As demonstration, this function is called
 * from qmap_dispatch() and monitor_timerfn().
 */
static bool dispatch_highpri(bool from_timer)
{
	struct task_struct *p;
	s32 this_cpu = bpf_get_smp_processor_id();

	/* scan SHARED_DSQ and move highpri tasks to HIGHPRI_DSQ */
	bpf_for_each(scx_dsq, p, SHARED_DSQ, 0) {
		static u64 highpri_seq;
		struct task_ctx *tctx;

		if (!(tctx = lookup_task_ctx(p)))
			return false;

		if (tctx->highpri) {
			/* exercise the set_*() and vtime interface too */
			__COMPAT_scx_bpf_dsq_move_set_slice(
				BPF_FOR_EACH_ITER, slice_ns * 2);
			__COMPAT_scx_bpf_dsq_move_set_vtime(
				BPF_FOR_EACH_ITER, highpri_seq++);
			__COMPAT_scx_bpf_dsq_move_vtime(
				BPF_FOR_EACH_ITER, p, HIGHPRI_DSQ, 0);
		}
	}

	/*
	 * Scan HIGHPRI_DSQ and dispatch until a task that can run on this CPU
	 * is found.
	 */
	bpf_for_each(scx_dsq, p, HIGHPRI_DSQ, 0) {
		bool dispatched = false;
		s32 cpu;

		if (bpf_cpumask_test_cpu(this_cpu, p->cpus_ptr))
			cpu = this_cpu;
		else
			cpu = scx_bpf_pick_any_cpu(p->cpus_ptr, 0);

		if (__COMPAT_scx_bpf_dsq_move(BPF_FOR_EACH_ITER, p,
					      SCX_DSQ_LOCAL_ON | cpu,
					      SCX_ENQ_PREEMPT)) {
			if (cpu == this_cpu) {
				dispatched = true;
				__sync_fetch_and_add(&nr_expedited_local, 1);
			} else {
				__sync_fetch_and_add(&nr_expedited_remote, 1);
			}
			if (from_timer)
				__sync_fetch_and_add(&nr_expedited_from_timer, 1);
		} else {
			__sync_fetch_and_add(&nr_expedited_lost, 1);
		}

		if (dispatched)
			return true;
	}

	return false;
}

void BPF_STRUCT_OPS(qmap_dispatch, s32 cpu, struct task_struct *prev)
{
	struct task_struct *p;
	struct cpu_ctx *cpuc;
	struct task_ctx *tctx;
	u32 zero = 0, batch = dsp_batch ?: 1;
	void *fifo;
	s32 i, pid;

	if (dispatch_highpri(false))
		return;

	if (!nr_highpri_queued && scx_bpf_dsq_move_to_local(SHARED_DSQ))
		return;

	if (dsp_inf_loop_after && nr_dispatched > dsp_inf_loop_after) {
		/*
		 * PID 2 should be kthreadd which should mostly be idle and off
		 * the scheduler. Let's keep dispatching it to force the kernel
		 * to call this function over and over again.
		 */
		p = bpf_task_from_pid(2);
		if (p) {
			scx_bpf_dsq_insert(p, SCX_DSQ_LOCAL, slice_ns, 0);
			bpf_task_release(p);
			return;
		}
	}

	if (!(cpuc = bpf_map_lookup_elem(&cpu_ctx_stor, &zero))) {
		scx_bpf_error("failed to look up cpu_ctx");
		return;
	}

	for (i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
		/* Advance the dispatch cursor and pick the fifo. */
		if (!cpuc->dsp_cnt) {
			cpuc->dsp_idx = (cpuc->dsp_idx + 1) % 5;
			cpuc->dsp_cnt = 1 << cpuc->dsp_idx;
		}

		fifo = bpf_map_lookup_elem(&queue_arr, &cpuc->dsp_idx);
		if (!fifo) {
			scx_bpf_error("failed to find ring %llu", cpuc->dsp_idx);
			return;
		}

		/* Dispatch or advance. */
		bpf_repeat(BPF_MAX_LOOPS) {
			struct task_ctx *tctx;

			if (bpf_map_pop_elem(fifo, &pid))
				break;

			p = bpf_task_from_pid(pid);
			if (!p)
				continue;

			if (!(tctx = lookup_task_ctx(p))) {
				bpf_task_release(p);
				return;
			}

			if (tctx->highpri)
				__sync_fetch_and_sub(&nr_highpri_queued, 1);

			update_core_sched_head_seq(p);
			__sync_fetch_and_add(&nr_dispatched, 1);

			scx_bpf_dsq_insert(p, SHARED_DSQ, slice_ns, 0);
			bpf_task_release(p);

			batch--;
			cpuc->dsp_cnt--;
			if (!batch || !scx_bpf_dispatch_nr_slots()) {
				if (dispatch_highpri(false))
					return;
				scx_bpf_dsq_move_to_local(SHARED_DSQ);
				return;
			}
			if (!cpuc->dsp_cnt)
				break;
		}

		cpuc->dsp_cnt = 0;
	}

	/*
	 * No other tasks. @prev will keep running. Update its core_sched_seq as
	 * if the task were enqueued and dispatched immediately.
	 */
	if (prev) {
		tctx = bpf_task_storage_get(&task_ctx_stor, prev, 0, 0);
		if (!tctx) {
			scx_bpf_error("task_ctx lookup failed");
			return;
		}

		tctx->core_sched_seq =
			core_sched_tail_seqs[weight_to_idx(prev->scx.weight)]++;
	}
}

void BPF_STRUCT_OPS(qmap_tick, struct task_struct *p)
{
	struct cpu_ctx *cpuc;
	u32 zero = 0;
	int idx;

	if (!(cpuc = bpf_map_lookup_elem(&cpu_ctx_stor, &zero))) {
		scx_bpf_error("failed to look up cpu_ctx");
		return;
	}

	/*
	 * Use the running avg of weights to select the target cpuperf level.
	 * This is a demonstration of the cpuperf feature rather than a
	 * practical strategy to regulate CPU frequency.
	 */
	cpuc->avg_weight = cpuc->avg_weight * 3 / 4 + p->scx.weight / 4;
	idx = weight_to_idx(cpuc->avg_weight);
	cpuc->cpuperf_target = qidx_to_cpuperf_target[idx];

	scx_bpf_cpuperf_set(scx_bpf_task_cpu(p), cpuc->cpuperf_target);
}

/*
 * The distance from the head of the queue scaled by the weight of the queue.
 * The lower the number, the older the task and the higher the priority.
 */
static s64 task_qdist(struct task_struct *p)
{
	int idx = weight_to_idx(p->scx.weight);
	struct task_ctx *tctx;
	s64 qdist;

	tctx = bpf_task_storage_get(&task_ctx_stor, p, 0, 0);
	if (!tctx) {
		scx_bpf_error("task_ctx lookup failed");
		return 0;
	}

	qdist = tctx->core_sched_seq - core_sched_head_seqs[idx];

	/*
	 * As queue index increments, the priority doubles. The queue w/ index 3
	 * is dispatched twice more frequently than 2. Reflect the difference by
	 * scaling qdists accordingly. Note that the shift amount needs to be
	 * flipped depending on the sign to avoid flipping priority direction.
	 */
	if (qdist >= 0)
		return qdist << (4 - idx);
	else
		return qdist << idx;
}

/*
 * This is called to determine the task ordering when core-sched is picking
 * tasks to execute on SMT siblings and should encode about the same ordering as
 * the regular scheduling path. Use the priority-scaled distances from the head
 * of the queues to compare the two tasks which should be consistent with the
 * dispatch path behavior.
 */
bool BPF_STRUCT_OPS(qmap_core_sched_before,
		    struct task_struct *a, struct task_struct *b)
{
	return task_qdist(a) > task_qdist(b);
}

void BPF_STRUCT_OPS(qmap_cpu_release, s32 cpu, struct scx_cpu_release_args *args)
{
	u32 cnt;

	/*
	 * Called when @cpu is taken by a higher priority scheduling class. This
	 * makes @cpu no longer available for executing sched_ext tasks. As we
	 * don't want the tasks in @cpu's local dsq to sit there until @cpu
	 * becomes available again, re-enqueue them into the global dsq. See
	 * %SCX_ENQ_REENQ handling in qmap_enqueue().
	 */
	cnt = scx_bpf_reenqueue_local();
	if (cnt)
		__sync_fetch_and_add(&nr_reenqueued, cnt);
}

s32 BPF_STRUCT_OPS(qmap_init_task, struct task_struct *p,
		   struct scx_init_task_args *args)
{
	if (p->tgid == disallow_tgid)
		p->scx.disallow = true;

	/*
	 * @p is new. Let's ensure that its task_ctx is available. We can sleep
	 * in this function and the following will automatically use GFP_KERNEL.
	 */
	if (bpf_task_storage_get(&task_ctx_stor, p, 0,
				 BPF_LOCAL_STORAGE_GET_F_CREATE))
		return 0;
	else
		return -ENOMEM;
}

void BPF_STRUCT_OPS(qmap_dump, struct scx_dump_ctx *dctx)
{
	s32 i, pid;

	if (suppress_dump)
		return;

	bpf_for(i, 0, 5) {
		void *fifo;

		if (!(fifo = bpf_map_lookup_elem(&queue_arr, &i)))
			return;

		scx_bpf_dump("QMAP FIFO[%d]:", i);

		/*
		 * Dump can be invoked anytime and there is no way to iterate in
		 * a non-destructive way. Pop and store in dump_store and then
		 * restore afterwards. If racing against new enqueues, ordering
		 * can get mixed up.
		 */
		bpf_repeat(4096) {
			if (bpf_map_pop_elem(fifo, &pid))
				break;
			bpf_map_push_elem(&dump_store, &pid, 0);
			scx_bpf_dump(" %d", pid);
		}

		bpf_repeat(4096) {
			if (bpf_map_pop_elem(&dump_store, &pid))
				break;
			bpf_map_push_elem(fifo, &pid, 0);
		}

		scx_bpf_dump("\n");
	}
}

void BPF_STRUCT_OPS(qmap_dump_cpu, struct scx_dump_ctx *dctx, s32 cpu, bool idle)
{
	u32 zero = 0;
	struct cpu_ctx *cpuc;

	if (suppress_dump || idle)
		return;
	if (!(cpuc = bpf_map_lookup_percpu_elem(&cpu_ctx_stor, &zero, cpu)))
		return;

	scx_bpf_dump("QMAP: dsp_idx=%llu dsp_cnt=%llu avg_weight=%u cpuperf_target=%u",
		     cpuc->dsp_idx, cpuc->dsp_cnt, cpuc->avg_weight,
		     cpuc->cpuperf_target);
}

void BPF_STRUCT_OPS(qmap_dump_task, struct scx_dump_ctx *dctx, struct task_struct *p)
{
	struct task_ctx *taskc;

	if (suppress_dump)
		return;
	if (!(taskc = bpf_task_storage_get(&task_ctx_stor, p, 0, 0)))
		return;

	scx_bpf_dump("QMAP: force_local=%d core_sched_seq=%llu",
		     taskc->force_local, taskc->core_sched_seq);
}

s32 BPF_STRUCT_OPS(qmap_cgroup_init, struct cgroup *cgrp, struct scx_cgroup_init_args *args)
{
	if (print_msgs)
		bpf_printk("CGRP INIT %llu weight=%u period=%lu quota=%ld burst=%lu",
			   cgrp->kn->id, args->weight, args->bw_period_us,
			   args->bw_quota_us, args->bw_burst_us);
	return 0;
}

void BPF_STRUCT_OPS(qmap_cgroup_set_weight, struct cgroup *cgrp, u32 weight)
{
	if (print_msgs)
		bpf_printk("CGRP SET %llu weight=%u", cgrp->kn->id, weight);
}

void BPF_STRUCT_OPS(qmap_cgroup_set_bandwidth, struct cgroup *cgrp,
		    u64 period_us, u64 quota_us, u64 burst_us)
{
	if (print_msgs)
		bpf_printk("CGRP SET %llu period=%lu quota=%ld burst=%lu",
			   cgrp->kn->id, period_us, quota_us, burst_us);
}

/*
 * Print out the online and possible CPU map using bpf_printk() as a
 * demonstration of using the cpumask kfuncs and ops.cpu_on/offline().
 */
static void print_cpus(void)
{
	const struct cpumask *possible, *online;
	s32 cpu;
	char buf[128] = "", *p;
	int idx;

	possible = scx_bpf_get_possible_cpumask();
	online = scx_bpf_get_online_cpumask();

	idx = 0;
	bpf_for(cpu, 0, scx_bpf_nr_cpu_ids()) {
		if (!(p = MEMBER_VPTR(buf, [idx++])))
			break;
		if (bpf_cpumask_test_cpu(cpu, online))
			*p++ = 'O';
		else if (bpf_cpumask_test_cpu(cpu, possible))
			*p++ = 'X';
		else
			*p++ = ' ';

		if ((cpu & 7) == 7) {
			if (!(p = MEMBER_VPTR(buf, [idx++])))
				break;
			*p++ = '|';
		}
	}
	buf[sizeof(buf) - 1] = '\0';

	scx_bpf_put_cpumask(online);
	scx_bpf_put_cpumask(possible);

	bpf_printk("CPUS: |%s", buf);
}

void BPF_STRUCT_OPS(qmap_cpu_online, s32 cpu)
{
	if (print_msgs) {
		bpf_printk("CPU %d coming online", cpu);
		/* @cpu is already online at this point */
		print_cpus();
	}
}

void BPF_STRUCT_OPS(qmap_cpu_offline, s32 cpu)
{
	if (print_msgs) {
		bpf_printk("CPU %d going offline", cpu);
		/* @cpu is still online at this point */
		print_cpus();
	}
}

struct monitor_timer {
	struct bpf_timer timer;
};

struct {
	__uint(type, BPF_MAP_TYPE_ARRAY);
	__uint(max_entries, 1);
	__type(key, u32);
	__type(value, struct monitor_timer);
} monitor_timer SEC(".maps");

/*
 * Print out the min, avg and max performance levels of CPUs every second to
 * demonstrate the cpuperf interface.
 */
static void monitor_cpuperf(void)
{
	u32 zero = 0, nr_cpu_ids;
	u64 cap_sum = 0, cur_sum = 0, cur_min = SCX_CPUPERF_ONE, cur_max = 0;
	u64 target_sum = 0, target_min = SCX_CPUPERF_ONE, target_max = 0;
	const struct cpumask *online;
	int i, nr_online_cpus = 0;

	nr_cpu_ids = scx_bpf_nr_cpu_ids();
	online = scx_bpf_get_online_cpumask();

	bpf_for(i, 0, nr_cpu_ids) {
		struct cpu_ctx *cpuc;
		u32 cap, cur;

		if (!bpf_cpumask_test_cpu(i, online))
			continue;
		nr_online_cpus++;

		/* collect the capacity and current cpuperf */
		cap = scx_bpf_cpuperf_cap(i);
		cur = scx_bpf_cpuperf_cur(i);

		cur_min = cur < cur_min ? cur : cur_min;
		cur_max = cur > cur_max ? cur : cur_max;

		/*
		 * $cur is relative to $cap. Scale it down accordingly so that
		 * it's in the same scale as other CPUs and $cur_sum/$cap_sum
		 * makes sense.
		 */
		cur_sum += cur * cap / SCX_CPUPERF_ONE;
		cap_sum += cap;

		if (!(cpuc = bpf_map_lookup_percpu_elem(&cpu_ctx_stor, &zero, i))) {
			scx_bpf_error("failed to look up cpu_ctx");
			goto out;
		}

		/* collect target */
		cur = cpuc->cpuperf_target;
		target_sum += cur;
		target_min = cur < target_min ? cur : target_min;
		target_max = cur > target_max ? cur : target_max;
	}

	cpuperf_min = cur_min;
	cpuperf_avg = cur_sum * SCX_CPUPERF_ONE / cap_sum;
	cpuperf_max = cur_max;

	cpuperf_target_min = target_min;
	cpuperf_target_avg = target_sum / nr_online_cpus;
	cpuperf_target_max = target_max;
out:
	scx_bpf_put_cpumask(online);
}

/*
 * Dump the currently queued tasks in the shared DSQ to demonstrate the usage of
 * scx_bpf_dsq_nr_queued() and DSQ iterator. Raise the dispatch batch count to
 * see meaningful dumps in the trace pipe.
 */
static void dump_shared_dsq(void)
{
	struct task_struct *p;
	s32 nr;

	if (!(nr = scx_bpf_dsq_nr_queued(SHARED_DSQ)))
		return;

	bpf_printk("Dumping %d tasks in SHARED_DSQ in reverse order", nr);

	bpf_rcu_read_lock();
	bpf_for_each(scx_dsq, p, SHARED_DSQ, SCX_DSQ_ITER_REV)
		bpf_printk("%s[%d]", p->comm, p->pid);
	bpf_rcu_read_unlock();
}

static int monitor_timerfn(void *map, int *key, struct bpf_timer *timer)
{
	bpf_rcu_read_lock();
	dispatch_highpri(true);
	bpf_rcu_read_unlock();

	monitor_cpuperf();

	if (print_dsqs_and_events) {
		struct scx_event_stats events;

		dump_shared_dsq();

		__COMPAT_scx_bpf_events(&events, sizeof(events));

		bpf_printk("%35s: %lld", "SCX_EV_SELECT_CPU_FALLBACK",
			   scx_read_event(&events, SCX_EV_SELECT_CPU_FALLBACK));
		bpf_printk("%35s: %lld", "SCX_EV_DISPATCH_LOCAL_DSQ_OFFLINE",
			   scx_read_event(&events, SCX_EV_DISPATCH_LOCAL_DSQ_OFFLINE));
		bpf_printk("%35s: %lld", "SCX_EV_DISPATCH_KEEP_LAST",
			   scx_read_event(&events, SCX_EV_DISPATCH_KEEP_LAST));
		bpf_printk("%35s: %lld", "SCX_EV_ENQ_SKIP_EXITING",
			   scx_read_event(&events, SCX_EV_ENQ_SKIP_EXITING));
		bpf_printk("%35s: %lld", "SCX_EV_REFILL_SLICE_DFL",
			   scx_read_event(&events, SCX_EV_REFILL_SLICE_DFL));
		bpf_printk("%35s: %lld", "SCX_EV_BYPASS_DURATION",
			   scx_read_event(&events, SCX_EV_BYPASS_DURATION));
		bpf_printk("%35s: %lld", "SCX_EV_BYPASS_DISPATCH",
			   scx_read_event(&events, SCX_EV_BYPASS_DISPATCH));
		bpf_printk("%35s: %lld", "SCX_EV_BYPASS_ACTIVATE",
			   scx_read_event(&events, SCX_EV_BYPASS_ACTIVATE));
	}

	bpf_timer_start(timer, ONE_SEC_IN_NS, 0);
	return 0;
}

s32 BPF_STRUCT_OPS_SLEEPABLE(qmap_init)
{
	u32 key = 0;
	struct bpf_timer *timer;
	s32 ret;

	if (print_msgs)
		print_cpus();

	ret = scx_bpf_create_dsq(SHARED_DSQ, -1);
	if (ret)
		return ret;

	ret = scx_bpf_create_dsq(HIGHPRI_DSQ, -1);
	if (ret)
		return ret;

	timer = bpf_map_lookup_elem(&monitor_timer, &key);
	if (!timer)
		return -ESRCH;

	bpf_timer_init(timer, &monitor_timer, CLOCK_MONOTONIC);
	bpf_timer_set_callback(timer, monitor_timerfn);

	return bpf_timer_start(timer, ONE_SEC_IN_NS, 0);
}

void BPF_STRUCT_OPS(qmap_exit, struct scx_exit_info *ei)
{
	UEI_RECORD(uei, ei);
}

SCX_OPS_DEFINE(qmap_ops,
	       .select_cpu		= (void *)qmap_select_cpu,
	       .enqueue			= (void *)qmap_enqueue,
	       .dequeue			= (void *)qmap_dequeue,
	       .dispatch		= (void *)qmap_dispatch,
	       .tick			= (void *)qmap_tick,
	       .core_sched_before	= (void *)qmap_core_sched_before,
	       .cpu_release		= (void *)qmap_cpu_release,
	       .init_task		= (void *)qmap_init_task,
	       .dump			= (void *)qmap_dump,
	       .dump_cpu		= (void *)qmap_dump_cpu,
	       .dump_task		= (void *)qmap_dump_task,
	       .cgroup_init		= (void *)qmap_cgroup_init,
	       .cgroup_set_weight	= (void *)qmap_cgroup_set_weight,
	       .cgroup_set_bandwidth	= (void *)qmap_cgroup_set_bandwidth,
	       .cpu_online		= (void *)qmap_cpu_online,
	       .cpu_offline		= (void *)qmap_cpu_offline,
	       .init			= (void *)qmap_init,
	       .exit			= (void *)qmap_exit,
	       .timeout_ms		= 5000U,
	       .name			= "qmap");