5 GradedModules
  
  
  5.1 GradedModules: Category and Representations
  
  
  5.2 GradedModules: Constructors
  
  
  5.3 GradedModules: Properties
  
  For  more  properties  see  the  corresponding  section  'Modules:  Modules:
  Properties') in the documentation of the homalg package.
  
  
  5.4 GradedModules: Attributes
  
  5.4-1 BettiTable
  
  BettiTable( M )  attribute
  Returns:  a homalg diagram
  
  The Betti diagram of the homalg graded module M.
  
  5.4-2 CastelnuovoMumfordRegularity
  
  CastelnuovoMumfordRegularity( M )  attribute
  Returns:  an integer
  
  The Castelnuovo-Mumford regularity of the homalg graded module M.
  
  5.4-3 CastelnuovoMumfordRegularityOfSheafification
  
  CastelnuovoMumfordRegularityOfSheafification( M )  attribute
  Returns:  an integer
  
  The  Castelnuovo-Mumford  regularity  of the sheafification of homalg graded
  module M.
  
  For  more  attributes  see  the  corresponding  section  'Modules:  Modules:
  Attributes') in the documentation of the homalg package.
  
  
  5.5 LISHV: Logical Implications for GradedModules
  
  
  5.6 GradedModules: Operations and Functions
  
  5.6-1 MonomialMap
  
  MonomialMap( d, M )  operation
  Returns:  a homalg map
  
  The  map  from a free graded module onto all degree d monomial generators of
  the finitely generated homalg module M.
  
    Example  
    gap> R := HomalgFieldOfRationalsInDefaultCAS( ) * "x,y,z";;
    gap> S := GradedRing( R );;
    gap> M := HomalgMatrix( "[ x^3, y^2, z,   z, 0, 0 ]", 2, 3, S );;
    gap> M := LeftPresentationWithDegrees( M, [ -1, 0, 1 ] );
    <A graded non-torsion left module presented by 2 relations for 3 generators>
    gap> m := MonomialMap( 1, M );
    <A homomorphism of graded left modules>
    gap> Display( m );
    x^2,0,0,
    x*y,0,0,
    x*z,0,0,
    y^2,0,0,
    y*z,0,0,
    z^2,0,0,
    0,  x,0,
    0,  y,0,
    0,  z,0,
    0,  0,1 
    
    the graded map is currently represented by the above 10 x 3 matrix
    
    (degrees of generators of target: [ -1, 0, 1 ])
  
  
  5.6-2 RandomMatrix
  
  RandomMatrix( S, T )  operation
  Returns:  a homalg matrix
  
  A  random  matrix  between  the graded source module S and the graded target
  module T.
  
    Example  
    gap> R := HomalgFieldOfRationalsInDefaultCAS( ) * "a,b,c";;
    gap> S := GradedRing( R );;
    gap> rand := RandomMatrix( S^1 + S^2, S^2 + S^3 + S^4 );
    <A 2 x 3 matrix over a graded ring>
    gap> #Display( rand );
    gap> #-3*a-b,                                                  -1,                   
    gap> #-a^2+a*b+2*b^2-2*a*c+2*b*c+c^2,                          -a+c,                 
    gap> #-2*a^3+5*a^2*b-3*b^3+3*a*b*c+3*b^2*c+2*a*c^2+2*b*c^2+c^3,-3*b^2-2*a*c-2*b*c+c^2
  
  
  5.6-3 GeneratorsOfHomogeneousPart
  
  GeneratorsOfHomogeneousPart( d, M )  operation
  Returns:  a homalg matrix
  
  The  resulting  homalg  matrix  consists of a generating set (over R) of the
  d-th  homogeneous  part of the finitely generated homalg S-module M, where R
  is the coefficients ring of the graded ring S with S_0=R.
  
    Example  
    gap> R := HomalgFieldOfRationalsInDefaultCAS( ) * "x,y,z";;
    gap> S := GradedRing( R );;
    gap> M := HomalgMatrix( "[ x^3, y^2, z,   z, 0, 0 ]", 2, 3, S );;
    gap> M := LeftPresentationWithDegrees( M, [ -1, 0, 1 ] );
    <A graded non-torsion left module presented by 2 relations for 3 generators>
    gap> m := GeneratorsOfHomogeneousPart( 1, M );
    <An unevaluated non-zero 7 x 3 matrix over a graded ring>
    gap> Display( m );
    x^2,0,0,
    x*y,0,0,
    y^2,0,0,
    0,  x,0,
    0,  y,0,
    0,  z,0,
    0,  0,1 
    (over a graded ring)
  
  
  Compare with MonomialMap (5.6-1).
  
  5.6-4 SubmoduleGeneratedByHomogeneousPart
  
  SubmoduleGeneratedByHomogeneousPart( d, M )  operation
  Returns:  a homalg module
  
  The  submodule  of  the  homalg  module M generated by the image of the d-th
  monomial  map  (--> MonomialMap (5.6-1)), or equivalently, by the generating
  set of the d-th homogeneous part of M.
  
    Example  
    gap> R := HomalgFieldOfRationalsInDefaultCAS( ) * "x,y,z";;
    gap> S := GradedRing( R );;
    gap> M := HomalgMatrix( "[ x^3, y^2, z,   z, 0, 0 ]", 2, 3, S );;
    gap> M := LeftPresentationWithDegrees( M, [ -1, 0, 1 ] );
    <A graded non-torsion left module presented by 2 relations for 3 generators>
    gap> n := SubmoduleGeneratedByHomogeneousPart( 1, M );
    <A graded left submodule given by 7 generators>
    gap> Display( M );
    z,  0,    0,  
    0,  y^2*z,z^2,
    x^3,y^2,  z   
    
    Cokernel of the map
    
    Q[x,y,z]^(1x3) --> Q[x,y,z]^(1x3),
    
    currently represented by the above matrix
    (graded, degrees of generators: [ -1, 0, 1 ])
    gap> Display( n );
    x^2,0,0,
    x*y,0,0,
    y^2,0,0,
    0,  x,0,
    0,  y,0,
    0,  z,0,
    0,  0,1 
    
    A left submodule generated by the 7 rows of the above matrix
    
    (graded, degrees of generators: [ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ])
    gap> N := UnderlyingObject( n );
    <A graded left module presented by yet unknown relations for 7 generators>
    gap> Display( N );
    z, 0, 0,0,    0,  0,0,   
    0, z, 0,0,    0,  0,0,   
    0, 0, z,0,    0,  0,0,   
    0, 0, 0,0,    -z, y,0,   
    x, 0, 0,0,    y,  0,z,   
    -y,x, 0,0,    0,  0,0,   
    0, -y,x,0,    0,  0,0,   
    0, 0, 0,-y,   x,  0,0,   
    0, 0, 0,-z,   0,  x,0,   
    0, 0, 0,0,    y*z,0,z^2, 
    0, 0, 0,y^2*z,0,  0,x*z^2
    
    Cokernel of the map
    
    Q[x,y,z]^(1x11) --> Q[x,y,z]^(1x7),
    
    currently represented by the above matrix
    
    (graded, degrees of generators: [ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ])
    gap> gens := GeneratorsOfModule( N );
    <A set of 7 generators of a homalg left module>
    gap> Display( gens );
    x^2,0,0,
    x*y,0,0,
    y^2,0,0,
    0,  x,0,
    0,  y,0,
    0,  z,0,
    0,  0,1 
    
    a set of 7 generators given by the rows of the above matrix
  
  
  5.6-5 RepresentationMapOfRingElement
  
  RepresentationMapOfRingElement( r, M, d )  operation
  Returns:  a homalg matrix
  
  The  graded  map  induced by the homogeneous degree 1 ring element r (of the
  underlying homalg graded ring S) regarded as a R-linear map between the d-th
  and  the  (d+1)-st  homogeneous part of the graded finitely generated homalg
  S-module  M,  where  R  is  the  coefficients ring of the graded ring S with
  S_0=R.    The    generating    set    of    both   modules   is   given   by
  GeneratorsOfHomogeneousPart  (5.6-3).  The  entries of the matrix presenting
  the map lie in the coefficients ring R.
  
    Example  
    gap> R := HomalgFieldOfRationalsInDefaultCAS( ) * "x,y,z";;
    gap> S := GradedRing( R );;
    gap> x := Indeterminate( S, 1 );
    x
    gap> M := HomalgMatrix( "[ x^3, y^2, z,   z, 0, 0 ]", 2, 3, S );;
    gap> M := LeftPresentationWithDegrees( M, [ -1, 0, 1 ] );
    <A graded non-torsion left module presented by 2 relations for 3 generators>
    gap> m := RepresentationMapOfRingElement( x, M, 0 );
    <A "homomorphism" of graded left modules>
    gap> Display( m );
    1,0,0,0,0,0,0,
    0,1,0,0,0,0,0,
    0,0,0,1,0,0,0 
    
    the graded map is currently represented by the above 3 x 7 matrix
    
    (degrees of generators of target: [ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ])
  
  
  5.6-6 RepresentationMatrixOfKoszulId
  
  RepresentationMatrixOfKoszulId( d, M )  operation
  Returns:  a homalg matrix
  
  It is assumed that all indeterminates of the underlying homalg graded ring S
  are  of  degree 1. The output is the homalg matrix of the multiplication map
  Hom(  A,  M_d  )  ->  Hom( A, M_d+1 ), where A is the Koszul dual ring of S,
  defined using the operation KoszulDualRing.
  
    Example  
    gap> R := HomalgFieldOfRationalsInDefaultCAS( ) * "x,y,z";;
    gap> S := GradedRing( R );;
    gap> A := KoszulDualRing( S, "a,b,c" );;
    gap> M := HomalgMatrix( "[ x^3, y^2, z,   z, 0, 0 ]", 2, 3, S );;
    gap> M := LeftPresentationWithDegrees( M, [ -1, 0, 1 ] );
    <A graded non-torsion left module presented by 2 relations for 3 generators>
    gap> m := RepresentationMatrixOfKoszulId( 0, M );
    <An unevaluated 3 x 7 matrix over a graded ring>
    gap> Display( m );
    a,b,0,0,0,0,0,
    0,a,b,0,0,0,0,
    0,0,0,a,b,c,0 
    (over a graded ring)
  
  
  5.6-7 RepresentationMapOfKoszulId
  
  RepresentationMapOfKoszulId( d, M )  operation
  Returns:  a homalg map
  
  It is assumed that all indeterminates of the underlying homalg graded ring S
  are  of  degree 1. The output is the the multiplication map Hom( A, M_d ) ->
  Hom(  A,  M_d+1  ),  where A is the Koszul dual ring of S, defined using the
  operation KoszulDualRing.
  
    Example  
    gap> R := HomalgFieldOfRationalsInDefaultCAS( ) * "x,y,z";;
    gap> S := GradedRing( R );;
    gap> A := KoszulDualRing( S, "a,b,c" );;
    gap> M := HomalgMatrix( "[ x^3, y^2, z,   z, 0, 0 ]", 2, 3, S );;
    gap> M := LeftPresentationWithDegrees( M, [ -1, 0, 1 ] );
    <A graded non-torsion left module presented by 2 relations for 3 generators>
    gap> m := RepresentationMapOfKoszulId( 0, M );
    <A homomorphism of graded left modules>
    gap> Display( m );
    a,b,0,0,0,0,0,
    0,a,b,0,0,0,0,
    0,0,0,a,b,c,0 
    
    the graded map is currently represented by the above 3 x 7 matrix
    
    (degrees of generators of target: [ 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4 ])
  
  
  5.6-8 KoszulRightAdjoint
  
  KoszulRightAdjoint( M, degree_lowest, degree_highest )  operation
  Returns:  a homalg cocomplex
  
  It is assumed that all indeterminates of the underlying homalg graded ring S
  are  of  degree  1.  Compute  the homalg A-cocomplex C of Koszul maps of the
  homalg  S-module  M  (-->  RepresentationMapOfKoszulId  (5.6-7))  in  the  [
  degree_lowest  ..  degree_highest ]. The Castelnuovo-Mumford regularity of M
  is  characterized  as the highest degree d, such that C is not exact at d. A
  is the Koszul dual ring of S, defined using the operation KoszulDualRing.
  
    Example  
    gap> R := HomalgFieldOfRationalsInDefaultCAS( ) * "x,y,z";;
    gap> S := GradedRing( R );;
    gap> A := KoszulDualRing( S, "a,b,c" );;
    gap> M := HomalgMatrix( "[ x^3, y^2, z,   z, 0, 0 ]", 2, 3, S );;
    gap> M := LeftPresentationWithDegrees( M, [ -1, 0, 1 ], S );
    <A graded non-torsion left module presented by 2 relations for 3 generators>
    gap> CastelnuovoMumfordRegularity( M );
    1
    gap> R := KoszulRightAdjoint( M, -5, 5 );
    <A cocomplex containing 10 morphisms of graded left modules at degrees
    [ -5 .. 5 ]>
    gap> R := KoszulRightAdjoint( M, 1, 5 );
    <An acyclic cocomplex containing
    4 morphisms of graded left modules at degrees [ 1 .. 5 ]>
    gap> R := KoszulRightAdjoint( M, 0, 5 );
    <A cocomplex containing 5 morphisms of graded left modules at degrees
    [ 0 .. 5 ]>
    gap> R := KoszulRightAdjoint( M, -5, 5 );
    <A cocomplex containing 10 morphisms of graded left modules at degrees
    [ -5 .. 5 ]>
    gap> H := Cohomology( R );
    <A graded cohomology object consisting of 11 graded left modules at degrees 
    [ -5 .. 5 ]>
    gap> ByASmallerPresentation( H );
    <A non-zero graded cohomology object consisting of
    11 graded left modules at degrees [ -5 .. 5 ]>
    gap> Cohomology( R, -2 );
    <A graded zero left module>
    gap> Cohomology( R, -3 );
    <A graded zero left module>
    gap> Cohomology( R, -1 );
    <A graded cyclic torsion-free non-free left module presented by 2 relations fo\
    r a cyclic generator>
    gap> Cohomology( R, 0 );
    <A graded non-zero cyclic left module presented by 3 relations for a cyclic ge\
    nerator>
    gap> Cohomology( R, 1 );
    <A graded non-zero cyclic left module presented by 2 relations for a cyclic ge\
    nerator>
    gap> Cohomology( R, 2 );
    <A graded zero left module>
    gap> Cohomology( R, 3 );
    <A graded zero left module>
    gap> Cohomology( R, 4 );
    <A graded zero left module>
    gap> Display( Cohomology( R, -1 ) );
    Q{a,b,c}/< b, a >
    
    (graded, degree of generator: 0)
    gap> Display( Cohomology( R, 0 ) );
    Q{a,b,c}/< c, b, a >
    
    (graded, degree of generator: 0)
    gap> Display( Cohomology( R, 1 ) );
    Q{a,b,c}/< b, a >
    
    (graded, degree of generator: 2)
  
  
  5.6-9 HomogeneousPartOverCoefficientsRing
  
  HomogeneousPartOverCoefficientsRing( d, M )  operation
  Returns:  a homalg module
  
  The  degree d homogeneous part of the graded R-module M as a module over the
  coefficient ring or field of R.
  
    Example  
    gap> R := HomalgFieldOfRationalsInDefaultCAS( ) * "x,y,z";;
    gap> S := GradedRing( R );;
    gap> M := HomalgMatrix( "[ x, y^2, z^3 ]", 3, 1, S );;
    gap> M := Subobject( M, ( 1 * S )^0 );
    <A graded torsion-free (left) ideal given by 3 generators>
    gap> CastelnuovoMumfordRegularity( M );
    4
    gap> M1 := HomogeneousPartOverCoefficientsRing( 1, M );
    <A graded left vector space of dimension 1 on a free generator>
    gap> gen1 := GeneratorsOfModule( M1 );
    <A set consisting of a single generator of a homalg left module>
    gap> Display( M1 );
    Q^(1 x 1)
    
    (graded, degree of generator: 1)
    gap> M2 := HomogeneousPartOverCoefficientsRing( 2, M );
    <A graded left vector space of dimension 4 on free generators>
    gap> Display( M2 );
    Q^(1 x 4)
    
    (graded, degrees of generators: [ 2, 2, 2, 2 ])
    gap> gen2 := GeneratorsOfModule( M2 );
    <A set of 4 generators of a homalg left module>
    gap> M3 := HomogeneousPartOverCoefficientsRing( 3, M );
    <A graded left vector space of dimension 9 on free generators>
    gap> Display( M3 );
    Q^(1 x 9)
    
    (graded, degrees of generators: [ 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3 ])
    gap> gen3 := GeneratorsOfModule( M3 );
    <A set of 9 generators of a homalg left module>
    gap> Display( gen1 );
    x
    
    a set consisting of a single generator given by (the row of) the above matrix
    gap> Display( gen2 );
    x^2,
    x*y,
    x*z,
    y^2 
    
    a set of 4 generators given by the rows of the above matrix
    gap> Display( gen3 );
    x^3,  
    x^2*y,
    x^2*z,
    x*y*z,
    x*z^2,
    x*y^2,
    y^3,  
    y^2*z,
    z^3   
    
    a set of 9 generators given by the rows of the above matrix