compress.js

/***********************************************************************

  A JavaScript tokenizer / parser / beautifier / compressor.
  https://github.com/mishoo/UglifyJS2

  -------------------------------- (C) ---------------------------------

                           Author: Mihai Bazon
                         <[email protected]>
                       http://mihai.bazon.net/blog

  Distributed under the BSD license:

    Copyright 2012 (c) Mihai Bazon <[email protected]>

    Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
    modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
    are met:

        * Redistributions of source code must retain the above
          copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following
          disclaimer.

        * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
          copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following
          disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials
          provided with the distribution.

    THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER “AS IS” AND ANY
    EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
    IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
    PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER BE
    LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY,
    OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO,
    PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR
    PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
    THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR
    TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF
    THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
    SUCH DAMAGE.

 ***********************************************************************/

"use strict";

function Compressor(options, false_by_default) {
    if (!(this instanceof Compressor))
        return new Compressor(options, false_by_default);
    TreeTransformer.call(this, this.before, this.after);
    this.options = defaults(options, {
        sequences     : !false_by_default,
        properties    : !false_by_default,
        dead_code     : !false_by_default,
        drop_debugger : !false_by_default,
        unsafe        : !false_by_default,
        unsafe_comps  : false,
        conditionals  : !false_by_default,
        comparisons   : !false_by_default,
        evaluate      : !false_by_default,
        booleans      : !false_by_default,
        loops         : !false_by_default,
        unused        : !false_by_default,
        hoist_funs    : !false_by_default,
        hoist_vars    : false,
        if_return     : !false_by_default,
        join_vars     : !false_by_default,
        cascade       : !false_by_default,
        side_effects  : !false_by_default,

        warnings      : true,
        global_defs   : {}
    }, true);
};

Compressor.prototype = new TreeTransformer;
merge(Compressor.prototype, {
    option: function(key) { return this.options[key] },
    warn: function() {
        if (this.options.warnings)
            AST_Node.warn.apply(AST_Node, arguments);
    },
    before: function(node, descend, in_list) {
        if (node._squeezed) return node;
        if (node instanceof AST_Scope) {
            node.drop_unused(this);
            node = node.hoist_declarations(this);
        }
        descend(node, this);
        node = node.optimize(this);
        if (node instanceof AST_Scope) {
            // dead code removal might leave further unused declarations.
            // this'll usually save very few bytes, but the performance
            // hit seems negligible so I'll just drop it here.

            // no point to repeat warnings.
            var save_warnings = this.options.warnings;
            this.options.warnings = false;
            node.drop_unused(this);
            this.options.warnings = save_warnings;
        }
        node._squeezed = true;
        return node;
    }
});

(function(){

    function OPT(node, optimizer) {
        node.DEFMETHOD("optimize", function(compressor){
            var self = this;
            if (self._optimized) return self;
            var opt = optimizer(self, compressor);
            opt._optimized = true;
            if (opt === self) return opt;
            return opt.transform(compressor);
        });
    };

    OPT(AST_Node, function(self, compressor){
        return self;
    });

    AST_Node.DEFMETHOD("equivalent_to", function(node){
        // XXX: this is a rather expensive way to test two node's equivalence:
        return this.print_to_string() == node.print_to_string();
    });

    function make_node(ctor, orig, props) {
        if (!props) props = {};
        if (orig) {
            if (!props.start) props.start = orig.start;
            if (!props.end) props.end = orig.end;
        }
        return new ctor(props);
    };

    function make_node_from_constant(compressor, val, orig) {
        // XXX: WIP.
        // if (val instanceof AST_Node) return val.transform(new TreeTransformer(null, function(node){
        //     if (node instanceof AST_SymbolRef) {
        //         var scope = compressor.find_parent(AST_Scope);
        //         var def = scope.find_variable(node);
        //         node.thedef = def;
        //         return node;
        //     }
        // })).transform(compressor);

        if (val instanceof AST_Node) return val.transform(compressor);
        switch (typeof val) {
          case "string":
            return make_node(AST_String, orig, {
                value: val
            }).optimize(compressor);
          case "number":
            return make_node(isNaN(val) ? AST_NaN : AST_Number, orig, {
                value: val
            }).optimize(compressor);
          case "boolean":
            return make_node(val ? AST_True : AST_False, orig);
          case "undefined":
            return make_node(AST_Undefined, orig).optimize(compressor);
          default:
            if (val === null) {
                return make_node(AST_Null, orig).optimize(compressor);
            }
            if (val instanceof RegExp) {
                return make_node(AST_RegExp, orig).optimize(compressor);
            }
            throw new Error(string_template("Can't handle constant of type: {type}", {
                type: typeof val
            }));
        }
    };

    function as_statement_array(thing) {
        if (thing === null) return [];
        if (thing instanceof AST_BlockStatement) return thing.body;
        if (thing instanceof AST_EmptyStatement) return [];
        if (thing instanceof AST_Statement) return [ thing ];
        throw new Error("Can't convert thing to statement array");
    };

    function is_empty(thing) {
        if (thing === null) return true;
        if (thing instanceof AST_EmptyStatement) return true;
        if (thing instanceof AST_BlockStatement) return thing.body.length == 0;
        return false;
    };

    function loop_body(x) {
        if (x instanceof AST_Switch) return x;
        if (x instanceof AST_For || x instanceof AST_ForIn || x instanceof AST_DWLoop) {
            return (x.body instanceof AST_BlockStatement ? x.body : x);
        }
        return x;
    };

    function tighten_body(statements, compressor) {
        var CHANGED;
        do {
            CHANGED = false;
            statements = eliminate_spurious_blocks(statements);
            if (compressor.option("dead_code")) {
                statements = eliminate_dead_code(statements, compressor);
            }
            if (compressor.option("if_return")) {
                statements = handle_if_return(statements, compressor);
            }
            if (compressor.option("sequences")) {
                statements = sequencesize(statements, compressor);
            }
            if (compressor.option("join_vars")) {
                statements = join_consecutive_vars(statements, compressor);
            }
        } while (CHANGED);
        return statements;

        function eliminate_spurious_blocks(statements) {
            var seen_dirs = [];
            return statements.reduce(function(a, stat){
                if (stat instanceof AST_BlockStatement) {
                    CHANGED = true;
                    a.push.apply(a, eliminate_spurious_blocks(stat.body));
                } else if (stat instanceof AST_EmptyStatement) {
                    CHANGED = true;
                } else if (stat instanceof AST_Directive) {
                    if (seen_dirs.indexOf(stat.value) < 0) {
                        a.push(stat);
                        seen_dirs.push(stat.value);
                    } else {
                        CHANGED = true;
                    }
                } else {
                    a.push(stat);
                }
                return a;
            }, []);
        };

        function handle_if_return(statements, compressor) {
            var self = compressor.self();
            var in_lambda = self instanceof AST_Lambda;
            var ret = [];
            loop: for (var i = statements.length; --i >= 0;) {
                var stat = statements[i];
                switch (true) {
                  case (in_lambda && stat instanceof AST_Return && !stat.value && ret.length == 0):
                    CHANGED = true;
                    // note, ret.length is probably always zero
                    // because we drop unreachable code before this
                    // step.  nevertheless, it's good to check.
                    continue loop;
                  case stat instanceof AST_If:
                    if (stat.body instanceof AST_Return) {
                        //---
                        // pretty silly case, but:
                        // if (foo()) return; return; ==> foo(); return;
                        if (((in_lambda && ret.length == 0)
                             || (ret[0] instanceof AST_Return && !ret[0].value))
                            && !stat.body.value && !stat.alternative) {
                            CHANGED = true;
                            var cond = make_node(AST_SimpleStatement, stat.condition, {
                                body: stat.condition
                            });
                            ret.unshift(cond);
                            continue loop;
                        }
                        //---
                        // if (foo()) return x; return y; ==> return foo() ? x : y;
                        if (ret[0] instanceof AST_Return && stat.body.value && ret[0].value && !stat.alternative) {
                            CHANGED = true;
                            stat = stat.clone();
                            stat.alternative = ret[0];
                            ret[0] = stat.transform(compressor);
                            continue loop;
                        }
                        //---
                        // if (foo()) return x; [ return ; ] ==> return foo() ? x : undefined;
                        if ((ret.length == 0 || ret[0] instanceof AST_Return) && stat.body.value && !stat.alternative && in_lambda) {
                            CHANGED = true;
                            stat = stat.clone();
                            stat.alternative = ret[0] || make_node(AST_Return, stat, {
                                value: make_node(AST_Undefined, stat)
                            });
                            ret[0] = stat.transform(compressor);
                            continue loop;
                        }
                        //---
                        // if (foo()) return; [ else x... ]; y... ==> if (!foo()) { x...; y... }
                        if (!stat.body.value && in_lambda) {
                            CHANGED = true;
                            stat = stat.clone();
                            stat.condition = stat.condition.negate(compressor);
                            stat.body = make_node(AST_BlockStatement, stat, {
                                body: as_statement_array(stat.alternative).concat(ret)
                            });
                            stat.alternative = null;
                            ret = [ stat.transform(compressor) ];
                            continue loop;
                        }
                        //---
                        if (ret.length == 1 && in_lambda && ret[0] instanceof AST_SimpleStatement
                            && (!stat.alternative || stat.alternative instanceof AST_SimpleStatement)) {
                            CHANGED = true;
                            ret.push(make_node(AST_Return, ret[0], {
                                value: make_node(AST_Undefined, ret[0])
                            }).transform(compressor));
                            ret = as_statement_array(stat.alternative).concat(ret);
                            ret.unshift(stat);
                            continue loop;
                        }
                    }

                    var ab = aborts(stat.body);
                    var lct = ab instanceof AST_LoopControl ? compressor.loopcontrol_target(ab.label) : null;
                    if (ab && ((ab instanceof AST_Return && !ab.value && in_lambda)
                               || (ab instanceof AST_Continue && self === loop_body(lct))
                               || (ab instanceof AST_Break && lct instanceof AST_BlockStatement && self === lct))) {
                        if (ab.label) {
                            remove(ab.label.thedef.references, ab.label);
                        }
                        CHANGED = true;
                        var body = as_statement_array(stat.body).slice(0, -1);
                        stat = stat.clone();
                        stat.condition = stat.condition.negate(compressor);
                        stat.body = make_node(AST_BlockStatement, stat, {
                            body: ret
                        });
                        stat.alternative = make_node(AST_BlockStatement, stat, {
                            body: body
                        });
                        ret = [ stat.transform(compressor) ];
                        continue loop;
                    }

                    var ab = aborts(stat.alternative);
                    var lct = ab instanceof AST_LoopControl ? compressor.loopcontrol_target(ab.label) : null;
                    if (ab && ((ab instanceof AST_Return && !ab.value && in_lambda)
                               || (ab instanceof AST_Continue && self === loop_body(lct))
                               || (ab instanceof AST_Break && lct instanceof AST_BlockStatement && self === lct))) {
                        if (ab.label) {
                            remove(ab.label.thedef.references, ab.label);
                        }
                        CHANGED = true;
                        stat = stat.clone();
                        stat.body = make_node(AST_BlockStatement, stat.body, {
                            body: as_statement_array(stat.body).concat(ret)
                        });
                        stat.alternative = make_node(AST_BlockStatement, stat.alternative, {
                            body: as_statement_array(stat.alternative).slice(0, -1)
                        });
                        ret = [ stat.transform(compressor) ];
                        continue loop;
                    }

                    ret.unshift(stat);
                    break;
                  default:
                    ret.unshift(stat);
                    break;
                }
            }
            return ret;
        };

        function eliminate_dead_code(statements, compressor) {
            var has_quit = false;
            var orig = statements.length;
            var self = compressor.self();
            statements = statements.reduce(function(a, stat){
                if (has_quit) {
                    extract_declarations_from_unreachable_code(compressor, stat, a);
                } else {
                    if (stat instanceof AST_LoopControl) {
                        var lct = compressor.loopcontrol_target(stat.label);
                        if ((stat instanceof AST_Break
                             && lct instanceof AST_BlockStatement
                             && loop_body(lct) === self) || (stat instanceof AST_Continue
                                                             && loop_body(lct) === self)) {
                            if (stat.label) {
                                remove(stat.label.thedef.references, stat.label);
                            }
                        } else {
                            a.push(stat);
                        }
                    } else {
                        a.push(stat);
                    }
                    if (aborts(stat)) has_quit = true;
                }
                return a;
            }, []);
            CHANGED = statements.length != orig;
            return statements;
        };

        function sequencesize(statements, compressor) {
            if (statements.length < 2) return statements;
            var seq = [], ret = [];
            function push_seq() {
                seq = AST_Seq.from_array(seq);
                if (seq) ret.push(make_node(AST_SimpleStatement, seq, {
                    body: seq
                }));
                seq = [];
            };
            statements.forEach(function(stat){
                if (stat instanceof AST_SimpleStatement) seq.push(stat.body);
                else push_seq(), ret.push(stat);
            });
            push_seq();
            ret = sequencesize_2(ret, compressor);
            CHANGED = ret.length != statements.length;
            return ret;
        };

        function sequencesize_2(statements, compressor) {
            function cons_seq(right) {
                ret.pop();
                var left = prev.body;
                if (left instanceof AST_Seq) {
                    left.add(right);
                } else {
                    left = AST_Seq.cons(left, right);
                }
                return left.transform(compressor);
            };
            var ret = [], prev = null;
            statements.forEach(function(stat){
                if (prev) {
                    if (stat instanceof AST_For) {
                        var opera = {};
                        try {
                            prev.body.walk(new TreeWalker(function(node){
                                if (node instanceof AST_Binary && node.operator == "in")
                                    throw opera;
                            }));
                            if (stat.init && !(stat.init instanceof AST_Definitions)) {
                                stat.init = cons_seq(stat.init);
                            }
                            else if (!stat.init) {
                                stat.init = prev.body;
                                ret.pop();
                            }
                        } catch(ex) {
                            if (ex !== opera) throw ex;
                        }
                    }
                    else if (stat instanceof AST_If) {
                        stat.condition = cons_seq(stat.condition);
                    }
                    else if (stat instanceof AST_With) {
                        stat.expression = cons_seq(stat.expression);
                    }
                    else if (stat instanceof AST_Exit && stat.value) {
                        stat.value = cons_seq(stat.value);
                    }
                    else if (stat instanceof AST_Exit) {
                        stat.value = cons_seq(make_node(AST_Undefined, stat));
                    }
                    else if (stat instanceof AST_Switch) {
                        stat.expression = cons_seq(stat.expression);
                    }
                }
                ret.push(stat);
                prev = stat instanceof AST_SimpleStatement ? stat : null;
            });
            return ret;
        };

        function join_consecutive_vars(statements, compressor) {
            var prev = null;
            return statements.reduce(function(a, stat){
                if (stat instanceof AST_Definitions && prev && prev.TYPE == stat.TYPE) {
                    prev.definitions = prev.definitions.concat(stat.definitions);
                    CHANGED = true;
                }
                else if (stat instanceof AST_For
                         && prev instanceof AST_Definitions
                         && (!stat.init || stat.init.TYPE == prev.TYPE)) {
                    CHANGED = true;
                    a.pop();
                    if (stat.init) {
                        stat.init.definitions = prev.definitions.concat(stat.init.definitions);
                    } else {
                        stat.init = prev;
                    }
                    a.push(stat);
                    prev = stat;
                }
                else {
                    prev = stat;
                    a.push(stat);
                }
                return a;
            }, []);
        };

    };

    function extract_declarations_from_unreachable_code(compressor, stat, target) {
        compressor.warn("Dropping unreachable code [{file}:{line},{col}]", stat.start);
        stat.walk(new TreeWalker(function(node){
            if (node instanceof AST_Definitions) {
                compressor.warn("Declarations in unreachable code! [{file}:{line},{col}]", node.start);
                node.remove_initializers();
                target.push(node);
                return true;
            }
            if (node instanceof AST_Defun) {
                target.push(node);
                return true;
            }
            if (node instanceof AST_Scope) {
                return true;
            }
        }));
    };

    /* -----[ boolean/negation helpers ]----- */

    // methods to determine whether an expression has a boolean result type
    (function (def){
        var unary_bool = [ "!", "delete" ];
        var binary_bool = [ "in", "instanceof", "==", "!=", "===", "!==", "<", "<=", ">=", ">" ];
        def(AST_Node, function(){ return false });
        def(AST_UnaryPrefix, function(){
            return member(this.operator, unary_bool);
        });
        def(AST_Binary, function(){
            return member(this.operator, binary_bool) ||
                ( (this.operator == "&&" || this.operator == "||") &&
                  this.left.is_boolean() && this.right.is_boolean() );
        });
        def(AST_Conditional, function(){
            return this.consequent.is_boolean() && this.alternative.is_boolean();
        });
        def(AST_Assign, function(){
            return this.operator == "=" && this.right.is_boolean();
        });
        def(AST_Seq, function(){
            return this.cdr.is_boolean();
        });
        def(AST_True, function(){ return true });
        def(AST_False, function(){ return true });
    })(function(node, func){
        node.DEFMETHOD("is_boolean", func);
    });

    // methods to determine if an expression has a string result type
    (function (def){
        def(AST_Node, function(){ return false });
        def(AST_String, function(){ return true });
        def(AST_UnaryPrefix, function(){
            return this.operator == "typeof";
        });
        def(AST_Binary, function(compressor){
            return this.operator == "+" &&
                (this.left.is_string(compressor) || this.right.is_string(compressor));
        });
        def(AST_Assign, function(compressor){
            return (this.operator == "=" || this.operator == "+=") && this.right.is_string(compressor);
        });
        def(AST_Seq, function(compressor){
            return this.cdr.is_string(compressor);
        });
        def(AST_Conditional, function(compressor){
            return this.consequent.is_string(compressor) && this.alternative.is_string(compressor);
        });
        def(AST_Call, function(compressor){
            return compressor.option("unsafe")
                && this.expression instanceof AST_SymbolRef
                && this.expression.name == "String"
                && this.expression.undeclared();
        });
    })(function(node, func){
        node.DEFMETHOD("is_string", func);
    });

    function best_of(ast1, ast2) {
        return ast1.print_to_string().length >
            ast2.print_to_string().length
            ? ast2 : ast1;
    };

    // methods to evaluate a constant expression
    (function (def){
        // The evaluate method returns an array with one or two
        // elements.  If the node has been successfully reduced to a
        // constant, then the second element tells us the value;
        // otherwise the second element is missing.  The first element
        // of the array is always an AST_Node descendant; when
        // evaluation was successful it's a node that represents the
        // constant; otherwise it's the original node.
        AST_Node.DEFMETHOD("evaluate", function(compressor){
            if (!compressor.option("evaluate")) return [ this ];
            try {
                var val = this._eval(), ast = make_node_from_constant(compressor, val, this);
                return [ best_of(ast, this), val ];
            } catch(ex) {
                if (ex !== def) throw ex;
                return [ this ];
            }
        });
        def(AST_Statement, function(){
            throw new Error(string_template("Cannot evaluate a statement [{file}:{line},{col}]", this.start));
        });
        def(AST_Function, function(){
            // XXX: AST_Function inherits from AST_Scope, which itself
            // inherits from AST_Statement; however, an AST_Function
            // isn't really a statement.  This could byte in other
            // places too. :-( Wish JS had multiple inheritance.
            return [ this ];
        });
        function ev(node) {
            return node._eval();
        };
        def(AST_Node, function(){
            throw def;          // not constant
        });
        def(AST_Constant, function(){
            return this.getValue();
        });
        def(AST_UnaryPrefix, function(){
            var e = this.expression;
            switch (this.operator) {
              case "!": return !ev(e);
              case "typeof": return typeof ev(e);
              case "void": return void ev(e);
              case "~": return ~ev(e);
              case "-":
                e = ev(e);
                if (e === 0) throw def;
                return -e;
              case "+": return +ev(e);
            }
            throw def;
        });
        def(AST_Binary, function(){
            var left = this.left, right = this.right;
            switch (this.operator) {
              case "&&"         : return ev(left) &&         ev(right);
              case "||"         : return ev(left) ||         ev(right);
              case "|"          : return ev(left) |          ev(right);
              case "&"          : return ev(left) &          ev(right);
              case "^"          : return ev(left) ^          ev(right);
              case "+"          : return ev(left) +          ev(right);
              case "*"          : return ev(left) *          ev(right);
              case "/"          : return ev(left) /          ev(right);
              case "%"          : return ev(left) %          ev(right);
              case "-"          : return ev(left) -          ev(right);
              case "<<"         : return ev(left) <<         ev(right);
              case ">>"         : return ev(left) >>         ev(right);
              case ">>>"        : return ev(left) >>>        ev(right);
              case "=="         : return ev(left) ==         ev(right);
              case "==="        : return ev(left) ===        ev(right);
              case "!="         : return ev(left) !=         ev(right);
              case "!=="        : return ev(left) !==        ev(right);
              case "<"          : return ev(left) <          ev(right);
              case "<="         : return ev(left) <=         ev(right);
              case ">"          : return ev(left) >          ev(right);
              case ">="         : return ev(left) >=         ev(right);
              case "in"         : return ev(left) in         ev(right);
              case "instanceof" : return ev(left) instanceof ev(right);
            }
            throw def;
        });
        def(AST_Conditional, function(){
            return ev(this.condition)
                ? ev(this.consequent)
                : ev(this.alternative);
        });
        def(AST_SymbolRef, function(){
            var d = this.definition();
            if (d && d.constant && d.init) return ev(d.init);
            throw def;
        });
    })(function(node, func){
        node.DEFMETHOD("_eval", func);
    });

    // method to negate an expression
    (function(def){
        function basic_negation(exp) {
            return make_node(AST_UnaryPrefix, exp, {
                operator: "!",
                expression: exp
            });
        };
        def(AST_Node, function(){
            return basic_negation(this);
        });
        def(AST_Statement, function(){
            throw new Error("Cannot negate a statement");
        });
        def(AST_Function, function(){
            return basic_negation(this);
        });
        def(AST_UnaryPrefix, function(){
            if (this.operator == "!")
                return this.expression;
            return basic_negation(this);
        });
        def(AST_Seq, function(compressor){
            var self = this.clone();
            self.cdr = self.cdr.negate(compressor);
            return self;
        });
        def(AST_Conditional, function(compressor){
            var self = this.clone();
            self.consequent = self.consequent.negate(compressor);
            self.alternative = self.alternative.negate(compressor);
            return best_of(basic_negation(this), self);
        });
        def(AST_Binary, function(compressor){
            var self = this.clone(), op = this.operator;
            if (compressor.option("unsafe_comps")) {
                switch (op) {
                  case "<=" : self.operator = ">"  ; return self;
                  case "<"  : self.operator = ">=" ; return self;
                  case ">=" : self.operator = "<"  ; return self;
                  case ">"  : self.operator = "<=" ; return self;
                }
            }
            switch (op) {
              case "==" : self.operator = "!="; return self;
              case "!=" : self.operator = "=="; return self;
              case "===": self.operator = "!=="; return self;
              case "!==": self.operator = "==="; return self;
              case "&&":
                self.operator = "||";
                self.left = self.left.negate(compressor);
                self.right = self.right.negate(compressor);
                return best_of(basic_negation(this), self);
              case "||":
                self.operator = "&&";
                self.left = self.left.negate(compressor);
                self.right = self.right.negate(compressor);
                return best_of(basic_negation(this), self);
            }
            return basic_negation(this);
        });
    })(function(node, func){
        node.DEFMETHOD("negate", function(compressor){
            return func.call(this, compressor);
        });
    });

    // determine if expression has side effects
    (function(def){
        def(AST_Node, function(){ return true });

        def(AST_EmptyStatement, function(){ return false });
        def(AST_Constant, function(){ return false });
        def(AST_This, function(){ return false });

        def(AST_Block, function(){
            for (var i = this.body.length; --i >= 0;) {
                if (this.body[i].has_side_effects())
                    return true;
            }
            return false;
        });

        def(AST_SimpleStatement, function(){
            return this.body.has_side_effects();
        });
        def(AST_Defun, function(){ return true });
        def(AST_Function, function(){ return false });
        def(AST_Binary, function(){
            return this.left.has_side_effects()
                || this.right.has_side_effects();
        });
        def(AST_Assign, function(){ return true });
        def(AST_Conditional, function(){
            return this.condition.has_side_effects()
                || this.consequent.has_side_effects()
                || this.alternative.has_side_effects();
        });
        def(AST_Unary, function(){
            return this.operator == "delete"
                || this.operator == "++"
                || this.operator == "--"
                || this.expression.has_side_effects();
        });
        def(AST_SymbolRef, function(){ return false });
        def(AST_Object, function(){
            for (var i = this.properties.length; --i >= 0;)
                if (this.properties[i].has_side_effects())
                    return true;
            return false;
        });
        def(AST_ObjectProperty, function(){
            return this.value.has_side_effects();
        });
        def(AST_Array, function(){
            for (var i = this.elements.length; --i >= 0;)
                if (this.elements[i].has_side_effects())
                    return true;
            return false;
        });
        // def(AST_Dot, function(){
        //     return this.expression.has_side_effects();
        // });
        // def(AST_Sub, function(){
        //     return this.expression.has_side_effects()
        //         || this.property.has_side_effects();
        // });
        def(AST_PropAccess, function(){
            return true;
        });
        def(AST_Seq, function(){
            return this.car.has_side_effects()
                || this.cdr.has_side_effects();
        });
    })(function(node, func){
        node.DEFMETHOD("has_side_effects", func);
    });

    // tell me if a statement aborts
    function aborts(thing) {
        return thing && thing.aborts();
    };
    (function(def){
        def(AST_Statement, function(){ return null });
        def(AST_Jump, function(){ return this });
        function block_aborts(){
            var n = this.body.length;
            return n > 0 && aborts(this.body[n - 1]);
        };
        def(AST_BlockStatement, block_aborts);
        def(AST_SwitchBranch, block_aborts);
        def(AST_If, function(){
            return this.alternative && aborts(this.body) && aborts(this.alternative);
        });
    })(function(node, func){
        node.DEFMETHOD("aborts", func);
    });

    /* -----[ optimizers ]----- */

    OPT(AST_Directive, function(self, compressor){
        if (self.scope.has_directive(self.value) !== self.scope) {
            return make_node(AST_EmptyStatement, self);
        }
        return self;
    });

    OPT(AST_Debugger, function(self, compressor){
        if (compressor.option("drop_debugger"))
            return make_node(AST_EmptyStatement, self);
        return self;
    });

    OPT(AST_LabeledStatement, function(self, compressor){
        if (self.body instanceof AST_Break
            && compressor.loopcontrol_target(self.body.label) === self.body) {
            return make_node(AST_EmptyStatement, self);
        }
        return self.label.references.length == 0 ? self.body : self;
    });

    OPT(AST_Block, function(self, compressor){
        self.body = tighten_body(self.body, compressor);
        return self;
    });

    OPT(AST_BlockStatement, function(self, compressor){
        self.body = tighten_body(self.body, compressor);
        switch (self.body.length) {
          case 1: return self.body[0];
          case 0: return make_node(AST_EmptyStatement, self);
        }
        return self;
    });

    AST_Scope.DEFMETHOD("drop_unused", function(compressor){
        var self = this;
        if (compressor.option("unused")
            && !(self instanceof AST_Toplevel)
            && !self.uses_eval
           ) {
            var in_use = [];
            var initializations = new Dictionary();
            // pass 1: find out which symbols are directly used in
            // this scope (not in nested scopes).
            var scope = this;
            var tw = new TreeWalker(function(node, descend){
                if (node !== self) {
                    if (node instanceof AST_Defun) {
                        initializations.add(node.name.name, node);
                        return true; // don't go in nested scopes
                    }
                    if (node instanceof AST_Definitions && scope === self) {
                        node.definitions.forEach(function(def){
                            if (def.value) {
                                initializations.add(def.name.name, def.value);
                                if (def.value.has_side_effects()) {
                                    def.value.walk(tw);
                                }
                            }
                        });
                        return true;
                    }
                    if (node instanceof AST_SymbolRef) {
                        push_uniq(in_use, node.definition());
                        return true;
                    }
                    if (node instanceof AST_Scope) {
                        var save_scope = scope;
                        scope = node;
                        descend();
                        scope = save_scope;
                        return true;
                    }
                }
            });
            self.walk(tw);
            // pass 2: for every used symbol we need to walk its
            // initialization code to figure out if it uses other
            // symbols (that may not be in_use).
            for (var i = 0; i < in_use.length; ++i) {
                in_use[i].orig.forEach(function(decl){
                    // undeclared globals will be instanceof AST_SymbolRef
                    var init = initializations.get(decl.name);
                    if (init) init.forEach(function(init){
                        var tw = new TreeWalker(function(node){
                            if (node instanceof AST_SymbolRef) {
                                push_uniq(in_use, node.definition());
                            }
                        });
                        init.walk(tw);
                    });
                });
            }
            // pass 3: we should drop declarations not in_use
            var tt = new TreeTransformer(
                function before(node, descend, in_list) {
                    if (node instanceof AST_Lambda) {
                        for (var a = node.argnames, i = a.length; --i >= 0;) {
                            var sym = a[i];
                            if (sym.unreferenced()) {
                                a.pop();
                                compressor.warn("Dropping unused function argument {name} [{file}:{line},{col}]", {
                                    name : sym.name,
                                    file : sym.start.file,
                                    line : sym.start.line,
                                    col  : sym.start.col
                                });
                            }
                            else break;
                        }
                    }
                    if (node instanceof AST_Defun && node !== self) {
                        if (!member(node.name.definition(), in_use)) {
                            compressor.warn("Dropping unused function {name} [{file}:{line},{col}]", {
                                name : node.name.name,
                                file : node.name.start.file,
                                line : node.name.start.line,
                                col  : node.name.start.col
                            });
                            return make_node(AST_EmptyStatement, node);
                        }
                        return node;
                    }
                    if (node instanceof AST_Definitions && !(tt.parent() instanceof AST_ForIn)) {
                        var def = node.definitions.filter(function(def){
                            if (member(def.name.definition(), in_use)) return true;
                            var w = {
                                name : def.name.name,
                                file : def.name.start.file,
                                line : def.name.start.line,
                                col  : def.name.start.col
                            };
                            if (def.value && def.value.has_side_effects()) {
                                def._unused_side_effects = true;
                                compressor.warn("Side effects in initialization of unused variable {name} [{file}:{line},{col}]", w);
                                return true;
                            }
                            compressor.warn("Dropping unused variable {name} [{file}:{line},{col}]", w);
                            return false;
                        });
                        // place uninitialized names at the start
                        def = mergeSort(def, function(a, b){
                            if (!a.value && b.value) return -1;
                            if (!b.value && a.value) return 1;
                            return 0;
                        });
                        // for unused names whose initialization has
                        // side effects, we can cascade the init. code
                        // into the next one, or next statement.
                        var side_effects = [];
                        for (var i = 0; i < def.length;) {
                            var x = def[i];
                            if (x._unused_side_effects) {
                                side_effects.push(x.value);
                                def.splice(i, 1);
                            } else {
                                if (side_effects.length > 0) {
                                    side_effects.push(x.value);
                                    x.value = AST_Seq.from_array(side_effects);
                                    side_effects = [];
                                }
                                ++i;
                            }
                        }
                        if (side_effects.length > 0) {
                            side_effects = make_node(AST_BlockStatement, node, {
                                body: [ make_node(AST_SimpleStatement, node, {
                                    body: AST_Seq.from_array(side_effects)
                                }) ]
                            });
                        } else {
                            side_effects = null;
                        }
                        if (def.length == 0 && !side_effects) {
                            return make_node(AST_EmptyStatement, node);
                        }
                        if (def.length == 0) {
                            return side_effects;
                        }
                        node.definitions = def;
                        if (side_effects) {
                            side_effects.body.unshift(node);
                            node = side_effects;
                        }
                        return node;
                    }
                    if (node instanceof AST_For && node.init instanceof AST_BlockStatement) {
                        descend(node, this);
                        // certain combination of unused name + side effect leads to:
                        //    https://github.com/mishoo/UglifyJS2/issues/44
                        // that's an invalid AST.
                        // We fix it at this stage by moving the `var` outside the `for`.
                        var body = node.init.body.slice(0, -1);
                        node.init = node.init.body.slice(-1)[0].body;
                        body.push(node);
                        return in_list ? MAP.splice(body) : make_node(AST_BlockStatement, node, {
                            body: body
                        });
                    }
                    if (node instanceof AST_Scope && node !== self)
                        return node;
                }
            );
            self.transform(tt);
        }
    });

    AST_Scope.DEFMETHOD("hoist_declarations", function(compressor){
        var hoist_funs = compressor.option("hoist_funs");
        var hoist_vars = compressor.option("hoist_vars");
        var self = this;
        if (hoist_funs || hoist_vars) {
            var dirs = [];
            var hoisted = [];
            var vars = new Dictionary(), vars_found = 0, var_decl = 0;
            // let's count var_decl first, we seem to waste a lot of
            // space if we hoist `var` when there's only one.
            self.walk(new TreeWalker(function(node){
                if (node instanceof AST_Scope && node !== self)
                    return true;
                if (node instanceof AST_Var) {
                    ++var_decl;
                    return true;
                }
            }));
            hoist_vars = hoist_vars && var_decl > 1;
            var tt = new TreeTransformer(
                function before(node) {
                    if (node !== self) {
                        if (node instanceof AST_Directive) {
                            dirs.push(node);
                            return make_node(AST_EmptyStatement, node);
                        }
                        if (node instanceof AST_Defun && hoist_funs) {
                            hoisted.push(node);
                            return make_node(AST_EmptyStatement, node);
                        }
                        if (node instanceof AST_Var && hoist_vars) {
                            node.definitions.forEach(function(def){
                                vars.set(def.name.name, def);
                                ++vars_found;
                            });
                            var seq = node.to_assignments();
                            var p = tt.parent();
                            if (p instanceof AST_ForIn && p.init === node) {
                                if (seq == null) return node.definitions[0].name;
                                return seq;
                            }
                            if (p instanceof AST_For && p.init === node) {
                                return seq;
                            }
                            if (!seq) return make_node(AST_EmptyStatement, node);
                            return make_node(AST_SimpleStatement, node, {
                                body: seq
                            });
                        }
                        if (node instanceof AST_Scope)
                            return node; // to avoid descending in nested scopes
                    }
                }
            );
            self = self.transform(tt);
            if (vars_found > 0) {
                // collect only vars which don't show up in self's arguments list
                var defs = [];
                vars.each(function(def, name){
                    if (self instanceof AST_Lambda
                        && find_if(function(x){ return x.name == def.name.name },
                                   self.argnames)) {
                        vars.del(name);
                    } else {
                        def = def.clone();
                        def.value = null;
                        defs.push(def);
                        vars.set(name, def);
                    }
                });
                if (defs.length > 0) {
                    // try to merge in assignments
                    for (var i = 0; i < self.body.length;) {
                        if (self.body[i] instanceof AST_SimpleStatement) {
                            var expr = self.body[i].body, sym, assign;
                            if (expr instanceof AST_Assign
                                && expr.operator == "="
                                && (sym = expr.left) instanceof AST_Symbol
                                && vars.has(sym.name))
                            {
                                var def = vars.get(sym.name);
                                if (def.value) break;
                                def.value = expr.right;
                                remove(defs, def);
                                defs.push(def);
                                self.body.splice(i, 1);
                                continue;
                            }
                            if (expr instanceof AST_Seq
                                && (assign = expr.car) instanceof AST_Assign
                                && assign.operator == "="
                                && (sym = assign.left) instanceof AST_Symbol
                                && vars.has(sym.name))
                            {
                                var def = vars.get(sym.name);
                                if (def.value) break;
                                def.value = assign.right;
                                remove(defs, def);
                                defs.push(def);
                                self.body[i].body = expr.cdr;
                                continue;
                            }
                        }
                        if (self.body[i] instanceof AST_EmptyStatement) {
                            self.body.splice(i, 1);
                            continue;
                        }
                        if (self.body[i] instanceof AST_BlockStatement) {
                            var tmp = [ i, 1 ].concat(self.body[i].body);
                            self.body.splice.apply(self.body, tmp);
                            continue;
                        }
                        break;
                    }
                    defs = make_node(AST_Var, self, {
                        definitions: defs
                    });
                    hoisted.push(defs);
                };
            }
            self.body = dirs.concat(hoisted, self.body);
        }
        return self;
    });

    OPT(AST_SimpleStatement, function(self, compressor){
        if (compressor.option("side_effects")) {
            if (!self.body.has_side_effects()) {
                compressor.warn("Dropping side-effect-free statement [{file}:{line},{col}]", self.start);
                return make_node(AST_EmptyStatement, self);
            }
        }
        return self;
    });

    OPT(AST_DWLoop, function(self, compressor){
        var cond = self.condition.evaluate(compressor);
        self.condition = cond[0];
        if (!compressor.option("loops")) return self;
        if (cond.length > 1) {
            if (cond[1]) {
                return make_node(AST_For, self, {
                    body: self.body
                });
            } else if (self instanceof AST_While) {
                if (compressor.option("dead_code")) {
                    var a = [];
                    extract_declarations_from_unreachable_code(compressor, self.body, a);
                    return make_node(AST_BlockStatement, self, { body: a });
                }
            } else {
                return self.body;
            }
        }
        return self;
    });

    function if_break_in_loop(self, compressor) {
        function drop_it(rest) {
            rest = as_statement_array(rest);
            if (self.body instanceof AST_BlockStatement) {
                self.body = self.body.clone();
                self.body.body = rest.concat(self.body.body.slice(1));
                self.body = self.body.transform(compressor);
            } else {
                self.body = make_node(AST_BlockStatement, self.body, {
                    body: rest
                }).transform(compressor);
            }
            if_break_in_loop(self, compressor);
        }
        var first = self.body instanceof AST_BlockStatement ? self.body.body[0] : self.body;
        if (first instanceof AST_If) {
            if (first.body instanceof AST_Break
                && compressor.loopcontrol_target(first.body.label) === self) {
                if (self.condition) {
                    self.condition = make_node(AST_Binary, self.condition, {
                        left: self.condition,
                        operator: "&&",
                        right: first.condition.negate(compressor),
                    });
                } else {
                    self.condition = first.condition.negate(compressor);
                }
                drop_it(first.alternative);
            }
            else if (first.alternative instanceof AST_Break
                     && compressor.loopcontrol_target(first.alternative.label) === self) {
                if (self.condition) {
                    self.condition = make_node(AST_Binary, self.condition, {
                        left: self.condition,
                        operator: "&&",
                        right: first.condition,
                    });
                } else {
                    self.condition = first.condition;
                }
                drop_it(first.body);
            }
        }
    };

    OPT(AST_While, function(self, compressor) {
        if (!compressor.option("loops")) return self;
        self = AST_DWLoop.prototype.optimize.call(self, compressor);
        if (self instanceof AST_While) {
            if_break_in_loop(self, compressor);
            self = make_node(AST_For, self, self).transform(compressor);
        }
        return self;
    });

    OPT(AST_For, function(self, compressor){
        var cond = self.condition;
        if (cond) {
            cond = cond.evaluate(compressor);
            self.condition = cond[0];
        }
        if (!compressor.option("loops")) return self;
        if (cond) {
            if (cond.length > 1 && !cond[1]) {
                if (compressor.option("dead_code")) {
                    var a = [];
                    if (self.init instanceof AST_Statement) {
                        a.push(self.init);
                    }
                    else if (self.init) {
                        a.push(make_node(AST_SimpleStatement, self.init, {
                            body: self.init
                        }));
                    }
                    extract_declarations_from_unreachable_code(compressor, self.body, a);
                    return make_node(AST_BlockStatement, self, { body: a });
                }
            }
        }
        if_break_in_loop(self, compressor);
        return self;
    });

    OPT(AST_If, function(self, compressor){
        if (!compressor.option("conditionals")) return self;
        // if condition can be statically determined, warn and drop
        // one of the blocks.  note, statically determined implies
        // “has no side effects”; also it doesn't work for cases like
        // `x && true`, though it probably should.
        var cond = self.condition.evaluate(compressor);
        self.condition = cond[0];
        if (cond.length > 1) {
            if (cond[1]) {
                compressor.warn("Condition always true [{file}:{line},{col}]", self.condition.start);
                if (compressor.option("dead_code")) {
                    var a = [];
                    if (self.alternative) {
                        extract_declarations_from_unreachable_code(compressor, self.alternative, a);
                    }
                    a.push(self.body);
                    return make_node(AST_BlockStatement, self, { body: a }).transform(compressor);
                }
            } else {
                compressor.warn("Condition always false [{file}:{line},{col}]", self.condition.start);
                if (compressor.option("dead_code")) {
                    var a = [];
                    extract_declarations_from_unreachable_code(compressor, self.body, a);
                    if (self.alternative) a.push(self.alternative);
                    return make_node(AST_BlockStatement, self, { body: a }).transform(compressor);
                }
            }
        }
        if (is_empty(self.alternative)) self.alternative = null;
        var negated = self.condition.negate(compressor);
        var negated_is_best = best_of(self.condition, negated) === negated;
        if (self.alternative && negated_is_best) {
            negated_is_best = false; // because we already do the switch here.
            self.condition = negated;
            var tmp = self.body;
            self.body = self.alternative || make_node(AST_EmptyStatement);
            self.alternative = tmp;
        }
        if (is_empty(self.body) && is_empty(self.alternative)) {
            return make_node(AST_SimpleStatement, self.condition, {
                body: self.condition
            }).transform(compressor);
        }
        if (self.body instanceof AST_SimpleStatement
            && self.alternative instanceof AST_SimpleStatement) {
            return make_node(AST_SimpleStatement, self, {
                body: make_node(AST_Conditional, self, {
                    condition   : self.condition,
                    consequent  : self.body.body,
                    alternative : self.alternative.body
                })
            }).transform(compressor);
        }
        if (is_empty(self.alternative) && self.body instanceof AST_SimpleStatement) {
            if (negated_is_best) return make_node(AST_SimpleStatement, self, {
                body: make_node(AST_Binary, self, {
                    operator : "||",
                    left     : negated,
                    right    : self.body.body
                })
            }).transform(compressor);
            return make_node(AST_SimpleStatement, self, {
                body: make_node(AST_Binary, self, {
                    operator : "&&",
                    left     : self.condition,
                    right    : self.body.body
                })
            }).transform(compressor);
        }
        if (self.body instanceof AST_EmptyStatement
            && self.alternative
            && self.alternative instanceof AST_SimpleStatement) {
            return make_node(AST_SimpleStatement, self, {
                body: make_node(AST_Binary, self, {
                    operator : "||",
                    left     : self.condition,
                    right    : self.alternative.body
                })
            }).transform(compressor);
        }
        if (self.body instanceof AST_Exit
            && self.alternative instanceof AST_Exit
            && self.body.TYPE == self.alternative.TYPE) {
            return make_node(self.body.CTOR, self, {
                value: make_node(AST_Conditional, self, {
                    condition   : self.condition,
                    consequent  : self.body.value || make_node(AST_Undefined, self.body).optimize(compressor),
                    alternative : self.alternative.value || make_node(AST_Undefined, self.alternative).optimize(compressor)
                })
            }).transform(compressor);
        }
        if (self.body instanceof AST_If
            && !self.body.alternative
            && !self.alternative) {
            self.condition = make_node(AST_Binary, self.condition, {
                operator: "&&",
                left: self.condition,
                right: self.body.condition
            }).transform(compressor);
            self.body = self.body.body;
        }
        if (aborts(self.body)) {
            if (self.alternative) {
                var alt = self.alternative;
                self.alternative = null;
                return make_node(AST_BlockStatement, self, {
                    body: [ self, alt ]
                }).transform(compressor);
            }
        }
        if (aborts(self.alternative)) {
            var body = self.body;
            self.body = self.alternative;
            self.condition = negated_is_best ? negated : self.condition.negate(compressor);
            self.alternative = null;
            return make_node(AST_BlockStatement, self, {
                body: [ self, body ]
            }).transform(compressor);
        }
        return self;
    });

    OPT(AST_Switch, function(self, compressor){
        if (self.body.length == 0 && compressor.option("conditionals")) {
            return make_node(AST_SimpleStatement, self, {
                body: self.expression
            }).transform(compressor);
        }
        var last_branch = self.body[self.body.length - 1];
        if (last_branch) {
            var stat = last_branch.body[last_branch.body.length - 1]; // last statement
            if (stat instanceof AST_Break && loop_body(compressor.loopcontrol_target(stat.label)) === self)
                last_branch.body.pop();
        }
        var exp = self.expression.evaluate(compressor);
        out: if (exp.length == 2) try {
            // constant expression
            self.expression = exp[0];
            if (!compressor.option("dead_code")) break out;
            var value = exp[1];
            var in_if = false;
            var in_block = false;
            var started = false;
            var stopped = false;
            var ruined = false;
            var tt = new TreeTransformer(function(node, descend, in_list){
                if (node instanceof AST_Lambda || node instanceof AST_SimpleStatement) {
                    // no need to descend these node types
                    return node;
                }
                else if (node instanceof AST_Switch && node === self) {
                    node = node.clone();
                    descend(node, this);
                    return ruined ? node : make_node(AST_BlockStatement, node, {
                        body: node.body.reduce(function(a, branch){
                            return a.concat(branch.body);
                        }, [])
                    }).transform(compressor);
                }
                else if (node instanceof AST_If || node instanceof AST_Try) {
                    var save = in_if;
                    in_if = !in_block;
                    descend(node, this);
                    in_if = save;
                    return node;
                }
                else if (node instanceof AST_StatementWithBody || node instanceof AST_Switch) {
                    var save = in_block;
                    in_block = true;
                    descend(node, this);
                    in_block = save;
                    return node;
                }
                else if (node instanceof AST_Break && this.loopcontrol_target(node.label) === self) {
                    if (in_if) {
                        ruined = true;
                        return node;
                    }
                    if (in_block) return node;
                    stopped = true;
                    return in_list ? MAP.skip : make_node(AST_EmptyStatement, node);
                }
                else if (node instanceof AST_SwitchBranch && this.parent() === self) {
                    if (stopped) return MAP.skip;
                    if (node instanceof AST_Case) {
                        var exp = node.expression.evaluate(compressor);
                        if (exp.length < 2) {
                            // got a case with non-constant expression, baling out
                            throw self;
                        }
                        if (exp[1] === value || started) {
                            started = true;
                            if (aborts(node)) stopped = true;
                            descend(node, this);
                            return node;
                        }
                        return MAP.skip;
                    }
                    descend(node, this);
                    return node;
                }
            });
            tt.stack = compressor.stack.slice(); // so that's able to see parent nodes
            self = self.transform(tt);
        } catch(ex) {
            if (ex !== self) throw ex;
        }
        return self;
    });

    OPT(AST_Case, function(self, compressor){
        self.body = tighten_body(self.body, compressor);
        return self;
    });

    OPT(AST_Try, function(self, compressor){
        self.body = tighten_body(self.body, compressor);
        return self;
    });

    AST_Definitions.DEFMETHOD("remove_initializers", function(){
        this.definitions.forEach(function(def){ def.value = null });
    });

    AST_Definitions.DEFMETHOD("to_assignments", function(){
        var assignments = this.definitions.reduce(function(a, def){
            if (def.value) {
                var name = make_node(AST_SymbolRef, def.name, def.name);
                a.push(make_node(AST_Assign, def, {
                    operator : "=",
                    left     : name,
                    right    : def.value
                }));
            }
            return a;
        }, []);
        if (assignments.length == 0) return null;
        return AST_Seq.from_array(assignments);
    });

    OPT(AST_Definitions, function(self, compressor){
        if (self.definitions.length == 0)
            return make_node(AST_EmptyStatement, self);
        return self;
    });

    OPT(AST_Function, function(self, compressor){
        self = AST_Lambda.prototype.optimize.call(self, compressor);
        if (compressor.option("unused")) {
            if (self.name && self.name.unreferenced()) {
                self.name = null;
            }
        }
        return self;
    });

    OPT(AST_Call, function(self, compressor){
        if (compressor.option("unsafe")) {
            var exp = self.expression;
            if (exp instanceof AST_SymbolRef && exp.undeclared()) {
                switch (exp.name) {
                  case "Array":
                    if (self.args.length != 1) {
                        return make_node(AST_Array, self, {
                            elements: self.args
                        });
                    }
                    break;
                  case "Object":
                    if (self.args.length == 0) {
                        return make_node(AST_Object, self, {
                            properties: []
                        });
                    }
                    break;
                  case "String":
                    if (self.args.length == 0) return make_node(AST_String, self, {
                        value: ""
                    });
                    return make_node(AST_Binary, self, {
                        left: self.args[0],
                        operator: "+",
                        right: make_node(AST_String, self, { value: "" })
                    });
                }
            }
            else if (exp instanceof AST_Dot && exp.property == "toString" && self.args.length == 0) {
                return make_node(AST_Binary, self, {
                    left: make_node(AST_String, self, { value: "" }),
                    operator: "+",
                    right: exp.expression
                }).transform(compressor);
            }
        }
        if (compressor.option("side_effects")) {
            if (self.expression instanceof AST_Function
                && self.args.length == 0
                && !AST_Block.prototype.has_side_effects.call(self.expression)) {
                return make_node(AST_Undefined, self).transform(compressor);
            }
        }
        return self;
    });

    OPT(AST_New, function(self, compressor){
        if (compressor.option("unsafe")) {
            var exp = self.expression;
            if (exp instanceof AST_SymbolRef && exp.undeclared()) {
                switch (exp.name) {
                  case "Object":
                  case "RegExp":
                  case "Function":
                  case "Error":
                  case "Array":
                    return make_node(AST_Call, self, self).transform(compressor);
                }
            }
        }
        return self;
    });

    OPT(AST_Seq, function(self, compressor){
        if (!compressor.option("side_effects"))
            return self;
        if (!self.car.has_side_effects()) {
            // we shouldn't compress (1,eval)(something) to
            // eval(something) because that changes the meaning of
            // eval (becomes lexical instead of global).
            var p;
            if (!(self.cdr instanceof AST_SymbolRef
                  && self.cdr.name == "eval"
                  && self.cdr.undeclared()
                  && (p = compressor.parent()) instanceof AST_Call
                  && p.expression === self)) {
                return self.cdr;
            }
        }
        if (compressor.option("cascade")) {
            if (self.car instanceof AST_Assign
                && !self.car.left.has_side_effects()
                && self.car.left.equivalent_to(self.cdr)) {
                return self.car;
            }
            if (!self.car.has_side_effects()
                && !self.cdr.has_side_effects()
                && self.car.equivalent_to(self.cdr)) {
                return self.car;
            }
        }
        return self;
    });

    AST_Unary.DEFMETHOD("lift_sequences", function(compressor){
        if (compressor.option("sequences")) {
            if (this.expression instanceof AST_Seq) {
                var seq = this.expression;
                var x = seq.to_array();
                this.expression = x.pop();
                x.push(this);
                seq = AST_Seq.from_array(x).transform(compressor);
                return seq;
            }
        }
        return this;
    });

    OPT(AST_UnaryPostfix, function(self, compressor){
        return self.lift_sequences(compressor);
    });

    OPT(AST_UnaryPrefix, function(self, compressor){
        self = self.lift_sequences(compressor);
        var e = self.expression;
        if (compressor.option("booleans") && compressor.in_boolean_context()) {
            switch (self.operator) {
              case "!":
                if (e instanceof AST_UnaryPrefix && e.operator == "!") {
                    // !!foo ==> foo, if we're in boolean context
                    return e.expression;
                }
                break;
              case "typeof":
                // typeof always returns a non-empty string, thus it's
                // always true in booleans
                compressor.warn("Boolean expression always true [{file}:{line},{col}]", self.start);
                return make_node(AST_True, self);
            }
            if (e instanceof AST_Binary && self.operator == "!") {
                self = best_of(self, e.negate(compressor));
            }
        }
        return self.evaluate(compressor)[0];
    });

    AST_Binary.DEFMETHOD("lift_sequences", function(compressor){
        if (compressor.option("sequences")) {
            if (this.left instanceof AST_Seq) {
                var seq = this.left;
                var x = seq.to_array();
                this.left = x.pop();
                x.push(this);
                seq = AST_Seq.from_array(x).transform(compressor);
                return seq;
            }
            if (this.right instanceof AST_Seq
                && !(this.operator == "||" || this.operator == "&&")
                && !this.left.has_side_effects()) {
                var seq = this.right;
                var x = seq.to_array();
                this.right = x.pop();
                x.push(this);
                seq = AST_Seq.from_array(x).transform(compressor);
                return seq;
            }
        }
        return this;
    });

    var commutativeOperators = makePredicate("== === != !== * & | ^");

    OPT(AST_Binary, function(self, compressor){
        function reverse(op) {
            if (!(self.left.has_side_effects() && self.right.has_side_effects())) {
                if (op) self.operator = op;
                var tmp = self.left;
                self.left = self.right;
                self.right = tmp;
            }
        };
        if (commutativeOperators(self.operator)) {
            if (self.right instanceof AST_Constant
                && !(self.left instanceof AST_Constant)) {
                reverse();
            }
        }
        self = self.lift_sequences(compressor);
        if (compressor.option("comparisons")) switch (self.operator) {
          case "===":
          case "!==":
            if ((self.left.is_string(compressor) && self.right.is_string(compressor)) ||
                (self.left.is_boolean() && self.right.is_boolean())) {
                self.operator = self.operator.substr(0, 2);
            }
            // XXX: intentionally falling down to the next case
          case "==":
          case "!=":
            if (self.left instanceof AST_String
                && self.left.value == "undefined"
                && self.right instanceof AST_UnaryPrefix
                && self.right.operator == "typeof"
                && compressor.option("unsafe")) {
                if (!(self.right.expression instanceof AST_SymbolRef)
                    || !self.right.expression.undeclared()) {
                    self.left = self.right.expression;
                    self.right = make_node(AST_Undefined, self.left).optimize(compressor);
                    if (self.operator.length == 2) self.operator += "=";
                }
            }
            break;
        }
        if (compressor.option("booleans") && compressor.in_boolean_context()) switch (self.operator) {
          case "&&":
            var ll = self.left.evaluate(compressor);
            var rr = self.right.evaluate(compressor);
            if ((ll.length > 1 && !ll[1]) || (rr.length > 1 && !rr[1])) {
                compressor.warn("Boolean && always false [{file}:{line},{col}]", self.start);
                return make_node(AST_False, self);
            }
            if (ll.length > 1 && ll[1]) {
                return rr[0];
            }
            if (rr.length > 1 && rr[1]) {
                return ll[0];
            }
            break;
          case "||":
            var ll = self.left.evaluate(compressor);
            var rr = self.right.evaluate(compressor);
            if ((ll.length > 1 && ll[1]) || (rr.length > 1 && rr[1])) {
                compressor.warn("Boolean || always true [{file}:{line},{col}]", self.start);
                return make_node(AST_True, self);
            }
            if (ll.length > 1 && !ll[1]) {
                return rr[0];
            }
            if (rr.length > 1 && !rr[1]) {
                return ll[0];
            }
            break;
          case "+":
            var ll = self.left.evaluate(compressor);
            var rr = self.right.evaluate(compressor);
            if ((ll.length > 1 && ll[0] instanceof AST_String && ll[1]) ||
                (rr.length > 1 && rr[0] instanceof AST_String && rr[1])) {
                compressor.warn("+ in boolean context always true [{file}:{line},{col}]", self.start);
                return make_node(AST_True, self);
            }
            break;
        }
        var exp = self.evaluate(compressor);
        if (exp.length > 1) {
            if (best_of(exp[0], self) !== self)
                return exp[0];
        }
        if (compressor.option("comparisons")) {
            if (!(compressor.parent() instanceof AST_Binary)
                || compressor.parent() instanceof AST_Assign) {
                var negated = make_node(AST_UnaryPrefix, self, {
                    operator: "!",
                    expression: self.negate(compressor)
                });
                self = best_of(self, negated);
            }
            switch (self.operator) {
              case "<": reverse(">"); break;
              case "<=": reverse(">="); break;
            }
        }
        if (self.operator == "+" && self.right instanceof AST_String
            && self.right.getValue() === "" && self.left instanceof AST_Binary
            && self.left.operator == "+" && self.left.is_string(compressor)) {
            return self.left;
        }
        return self;
    });

    OPT(AST_SymbolRef, function(self, compressor){
        if (self.undeclared()) {
            var defines = compressor.option("global_defs");
            if (defines && defines.hasOwnProperty(self.name)) {
                return make_node_from_constant(compressor, defines[self.name], self);
            }
            switch (self.name) {
              case "undefined":
                return make_node(AST_Undefined, self);
              case "NaN":
                return make_node(AST_NaN, self);
              case "Infinity":
                return make_node(AST_Infinity, self);
            }
        }
        return self;
    });

    OPT(AST_Undefined, function(self, compressor){
        if (compressor.option("unsafe")) {
            var scope = compressor.find_parent(AST_Scope);
            var undef = scope.find_variable("undefined");
            if (undef) {
                var ref = make_node(AST_SymbolRef, self, {
                    name   : "undefined",
                    scope  : scope,
                    thedef : undef
                });
                ref.reference();
                return ref;
            }
        }
        return self;
    });

    var ASSIGN_OPS = [ '+', '-', '/', '*', '%', '>>', '<<', '>>>', '|', '^', '&' ];
    OPT(AST_Assign, function(self, compressor){
        self = self.lift_sequences(compressor);
        if (self.operator == "="
            && self.left instanceof AST_SymbolRef
            && self.right instanceof AST_Binary
            && self.right.left instanceof AST_SymbolRef
            && self.right.left.name == self.left.name
            && member(self.right.operator, ASSIGN_OPS)) {
            self.operator = self.right.operator + "=";
            self.right = self.right.right;
        }
        return self;
    });

    OPT(AST_Conditional, function(self, compressor){
        if (!compressor.option("conditionals")) return self;
        if (self.condition instanceof AST_Seq) {
            var car = self.condition.car;
            self.condition = self.condition.cdr;
            return AST_Seq.cons(car, self);
        }
        var cond = self.condition.evaluate(compressor);
        if (cond.length > 1) {
            if (cond[1]) {
                compressor.warn("Condition always true [{file}:{line},{col}]", self.start);
                return self.consequent;
            } else {
                compressor.warn("Condition always false [{file}:{line},{col}]", self.start);
                return self.alternative;
            }
        }
        var negated = cond[0].negate(compressor);
        if (best_of(cond[0], negated) === negated) {
            self = make_node(AST_Conditional, self, {
                condition: negated,
                consequent: self.alternative,
                alternative: self.consequent
            });
        }
        var consequent = self.consequent;
        var alternative = self.alternative;
        if (consequent instanceof AST_Assign
            && alternative instanceof AST_Assign
            && consequent.operator == alternative.operator
            && consequent.left.equivalent_to(alternative.left)
           ) {
            /*
             * Stuff like this:
             * if (foo) exp = something; else exp = something_else;
             * ==>
             * exp = foo ? something : something_else;
             */
            self = make_node(AST_Assign, self, {
                operator: consequent.operator,
                left: consequent.left,
                right: make_node(AST_Conditional, self, {
                    condition: self.condition,
                    consequent: consequent.right,
                    alternative: alternative.right
                })
            });
        }
        return self;
    });

    OPT(AST_Boolean, function(self, compressor){
        if (compressor.option("booleans")) {
            var p = compressor.parent();
            if (p instanceof AST_Binary && (p.operator == "=="
                                            || p.operator == "!=")) {
                compressor.warn("Non-strict equality against boolean: {operator} {value} [{file}:{line},{col}]", {
                    operator : p.operator,
                    value    : self.value,
                    file     : p.start.file,
                    line     : p.start.line,
                    col      : p.start.col,
                });
                return make_node(AST_Number, self, {
                    value: +self.value
                });
            }
            return make_node(AST_UnaryPrefix, self, {
                operator: "!",
                expression: make_node(AST_Number, self, {
                    value: 1 - self.value
                })
            });
        }
        return self;
    });

    OPT(AST_Sub, function(self, compressor){
        var prop = self.property;
        if (prop instanceof AST_String && compressor.option("properties")) {
            prop = prop.getValue();
            if (is_identifier(prop)) {
                return make_node(AST_Dot, self, {
                    expression : self.expression,
                    property   : prop
                });
            }
        }
        return self;
    });

    function literals_in_boolean_context(self, compressor) {
        if (compressor.option("booleans") && compressor.in_boolean_context()) {
            return make_node(AST_True, self);
        }
        return self;
    };
    OPT(AST_Array, literals_in_boolean_context);
    OPT(AST_Object, literals_in_boolean_context);
    OPT(AST_RegExp, literals_in_boolean_context);

})();