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Within an) Tj T* 0 Tw (enumeration, the members can be compared by identity, and the enumeration itself can be iterated over.) Tj T* ET Q Q q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 639.6772 cm q BT 1 0 0 1 0 3.5 Tm 21 TL /F3 17.5 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Module Contents) Tj T* ET Q Q q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 609.6772 cm q BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 2.027485 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (This module defines two enumeration classes that can be used to define unique sets of names and) Tj T* 0 Tw (values: ) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Enum ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (and ) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (IntEnum) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (. It also defines one decorator, ) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (unique) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (.) Tj T* ET Q Q q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 591.6772 cm q 0 0 0 rg BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F4 10 Tf 12 TL (Enum) Tj T* ET Q Q q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 561.6772 cm q BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 1.128443 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Base class for creating enumerated constants. See section ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (Functional API ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (for an alternate construction) Tj T* 0 Tw (syntax.) Tj T* ET Q Q q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 543.6772 cm q 0 0 0 rg BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F4 10 Tf 12 TL (IntEnum) Tj T* ET Q Q q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 525.6772 cm q BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Base class for creating enumerated constants that are also subclasses of ) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (int) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (.) Tj T* ET Q Q q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 507.6772 cm q 0 0 0 rg BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F4 10 Tf 12 TL (unique) Tj T* ET Q Q q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 489.6772 cm q 0 0 0 rg BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (Enum class decorator that ensures only one name is bound to any one value.) Tj T* ET Q Q q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 456.6772 cm q BT 1 0 0 1 0 3.5 Tm 21 TL /F3 17.5 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Creating an Enum) Tj T* ET Q Q q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 414.6772 cm q BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm 2.432651 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Enumerations are created using the ) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (class ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (syntax, which makes them easy to read and write. An) Tj T* 0 Tw .533555 Tw (alternative creation method is described in ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (Functional API) Tj 0 0 0 rg (. To define an enumeration, subclass ) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Enum ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (as) Tj T* 0 Tw (follows:) Tj T* ET Q Q q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 333.4772 cm q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 6.6 6.6 cm q .662745 .662745 .662745 RG .5 w .960784 .960784 .862745 rg n -6 -6 468.6898 72 re B* Q q BT 1 0 0 1 0 50 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( from enum import Enum) Tj T* (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( class Color\(Enum\):) Tj T* (... red = 1) Tj T* (... green = 2) Tj T* (... blue = 3) Tj T* ET Q Q Q Q Q q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 313.4772 cm q 0 0 0 rg BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (Note: Nomenclature) Tj T* ET Q Q q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 307.4772 cm Q q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 229.4772 cm 0 0 0 rg BT /F1 10 Tf 12 TL ET BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm T* ET q 1 0 0 1 20 72 cm Q q 1 0 0 1 20 72 cm Q q 1 0 0 1 20 60 cm 0 0 0 rg BT /F1 10 Tf 12 TL ET q 1 0 0 1 6 -3 cm q 0 0 0 rg BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 10.5 0 Td (\177) Tj T* -10.5 0 Td ET Q Q q 1 0 0 1 23 -3 cm q BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The class ) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Color ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (is an ) Tj /F5 10 Tf (enumeration ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\(or ) Tj /F5 10 Tf (enum) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\)) Tj T* ET Q Q q Q Q q 1 0 0 1 20 54 cm Q q 1 0 0 1 20 30 cm 0 0 0 rg BT /F1 10 Tf 12 TL ET q 1 0 0 1 6 9 cm q 0 0 0 rg BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 10.5 0 Td (\177) Tj T* -10.5 0 Td ET Q Q q 1 0 0 1 23 -3 cm q BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 5.568863 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The attributes ) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Color.red) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (, ) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Color.green) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (, etc., are ) Tj /F5 10 Tf (enumeration members ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\(or ) Tj /F5 10 Tf (enum) Tj T* 0 Tw (members) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\).) 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See) Tj T* 0 Tw 0 0 .501961 rg (How are Enums different? ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (for more details.) 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In Python 3.x definition order is used; in Python 2.x the definition order is) Tj T* 0 Tw (not available, but class attribute ) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (__order__ ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (is supported; otherwise, value order is used:) Tj T* ET Q Q q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 340.2236 cm q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 6.6 6.6 cm q .662745 .662745 .662745 RG .5 w .960784 .960784 .862745 rg n -6 -6 468.6898 180 re B* Q q BT 1 0 0 1 0 158 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( class Shake\(Enum\):) Tj T* (... __order__ = 'vanilla chocolate cookies mint' # only needed in 2.x) Tj T* (... vanilla = 7) Tj T* (... chocolate = 4) Tj T* (... cookies = 9) Tj T* (... mint = 3) Tj T* (...) Tj T* (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( for shake in Shake:) Tj T* (... print\(shake\)) Tj T* (...) Tj T* (Shake.vanilla) Tj T* (Shake.chocolate) Tj T* (Shake.cookies) Tj T* (Shake.mint) Tj T* ET Q Q Q Q Q q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 308.2236 cm q BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 1.893735 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The ) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (__order__ ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (attribute is always removed, and in 3.x it is also ignored \(order is definition order\);) Tj T* 0 Tw (however, in the stdlib version it will be ignored but not removed.) Tj T* ET Q Q q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 290.2236 cm q 0 0 0 rg BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (Enumeration members are hashable, so they can be used in dictionaries and sets:) Tj T* ET Q Q q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 209.0236 cm q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 6.6 6.6 cm q .662745 .662745 .662745 RG .5 w .960784 .960784 .862745 rg n -6 -6 468.6898 72 re B* Q q BT 1 0 0 1 0 50 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( apples = {}) Tj T* (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( apples[Color.red] = 'red delicious') Tj T* (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( apples[Color.green] = 'granny smith') Tj T* (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( apples == {Color.red: 'red delicious', Color.green: 'granny smith'}) Tj T* (True) Tj T* ET Q Q Q Q Q q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 155.0236 cm q BT 1 0 0 1 0 24.5 Tm 21 TL /F3 17.5 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Programmatic access to enumeration members and) Tj T* (their attributes) Tj T* ET Q Q q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 113.0236 cm q BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm 3.541797 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Sometimes it's useful to access members in enumerations programmatically \(i.e. situations where) Tj T* 0 Tw .922651 Tw /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Color.red ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (won't do because the exact color is not known at program-writing time\). ) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Enum ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (allows such) Tj T* 0 Tw (access:) Tj T* ET Q Q endstream endobj 58 0 obj << /Length 3791 >> stream 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm BT /F1 12 Tf 14.4 TL ET q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 703.8236 cm q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 6.6 6.6 cm q .662745 .662745 .662745 RG .5 w .960784 .960784 .862745 rg n -6 -6 468.6898 60 re B* Q q BT 1 0 0 1 0 38 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( Color\(1\)) Tj T* (<) Tj (Color.red: 1) Tj (>) Tj T* (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( Color\(3\)) Tj T* (<) Tj (Color.blue: 3) Tj (>) Tj T* ET Q Q Q Q Q q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 683.8236 cm q BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (If you want to access enum members by ) Tj /F5 10 Tf (name) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, use item access:) Tj T* ET Q Q q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 614.6236 cm q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 6.6 6.6 cm q .662745 .662745 .662745 RG .5 w .960784 .960784 .862745 rg n -6 -6 468.6898 60 re B* Q q BT 1 0 0 1 0 38 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( Color['red']) Tj T* (<) Tj (Color.red: 1) Tj (>) Tj T* (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( Color['green']) Tj T* (<) Tj (Color.green: 2) Tj (>) Tj T* ET Q Q Q Q Q q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 594.6236 cm q BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (If have an enum member and need its ) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (name ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (or ) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (value) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (:) Tj T* ET Q Q q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 513.4236 cm q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 6.6 6.6 cm q .662745 .662745 .662745 RG .5 w .960784 .960784 .862745 rg n -6 -6 468.6898 72 re B* Q q BT 1 0 0 1 0 50 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( member = Color.red) Tj T* (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( member.name) Tj T* ('red') Tj T* (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( member.value) Tj T* (1) Tj T* ET Q Q Q Q Q q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 480.4236 cm q BT 1 0 0 1 0 3.5 Tm 21 TL /F3 17.5 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Duplicating enum members and values) Tj T* ET Q Q q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 450.4236 cm q 0 0 0 rg BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL .13832 Tw (Having two enum members \(or any other attribute\) with the same name is invalid; in Python 3.x this would) Tj T* 0 Tw (raise an error, but in Python 2.x the second member simply overwrites the first:) Tj T* ET Q Q q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 249.2236 cm q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 6.6 6.6 cm q .662745 .662745 .662745 RG .5 w .960784 .960784 .862745 rg n -6 -6 468.6898 192 re B* Q q BT 1 0 0 1 0 170 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( # python 2.x) Tj T* (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( class Shape\(Enum\):) Tj T* (... square = 2) Tj T* (... square = 3) Tj T* (...) Tj T* (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( Shape.square) Tj T* (<) Tj (Shape.square: 3) Tj (>) Tj T* T* (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( # python 3.x) Tj T* (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( class Shape\(Enum\):) Tj T* (... square = 2) Tj T* (... square = 3) Tj T* (Traceback \(most recent call last\):) Tj T* (...) Tj T* (TypeError: Attempted to reuse key: 'square') Tj T* ET Q Q Q Q Q q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 205.2236 cm q 0 0 0 rg BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL .384987 Tw (However, two enum members are allowed to have the same value. Given two members A and B with the) Tj T* 0 Tw .444772 Tw (same value \(and A defined first\), B is an alias to A. By-value lookup of the value of A and B will return A.) Tj T* 0 Tw (By-name lookup of B will also return A:) Tj T* ET Q Q q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 88.02362 cm q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 6.6 6.6 cm q .662745 .662745 .662745 RG .5 w .960784 .960784 .862745 rg n -6 -6 492 108 re B* Q q BT 1 0 0 1 0 86 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( class Shape\(Enum\):) Tj T* (... __order__ = 'square diamond circle alias_for_square' # only needed in 2.x) Tj T* (... square = 2) Tj T* (... diamond = 1) Tj T* (... circle = 3) Tj T* (... alias_for_square = 2) Tj T* (...) Tj T* (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( Shape.square) Tj T* ET Q Q Q Q Q endstream endobj 59 0 obj << /Length 4406 >> stream 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm BT /F1 12 Tf 14.4 TL ET q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 691.8236 cm q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 6.6 6.6 cm q .662745 .662745 .662745 RG .5 w .960784 .960784 .862745 rg n -6 -6 468.6898 72 re B* Q q BT 1 0 0 1 0 50 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (<) Tj (Shape.square: 2) Tj (>) Tj T* (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( Shape.alias_for_square) Tj T* (<) Tj (Shape.square: 2) Tj (>) Tj T* (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( Shape\(2\)) Tj T* (<) Tj (Shape.square: 2) Tj (>) Tj T* ET Q Q Q Q Q q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 659.8236 cm q BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 1.074104 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Allowing aliases is not always desirable. ) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (unique ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (can be used to ensure that none exist in a particular) Tj T* 0 Tw (enumeration:) Tj T* ET Q Q q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 506.6236 cm q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 6.6 6.6 cm q .662745 .662745 .662745 RG .5 w .960784 .960784 .862745 rg n -6 -6 468.6898 144 re B* Q q BT 1 0 0 1 0 122 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( from enum import unique) Tj T* (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( @unique) Tj T* (... class Mistake\(Enum\):) Tj T* (... __order__ = 'one two three four' # only needed in 2.x) Tj T* (... one = 1) Tj T* (... two = 2) Tj T* (... three = 3) Tj T* (... four = 3) Tj T* (Traceback \(most recent call last\):) Tj T* (...) Tj T* (ValueError: duplicate names found in ) Tj (<) Tj (enum 'Mistake') Tj (>) Tj (: four -) Tj (>) Tj ( three) Tj T* ET Q Q Q Q Q q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 486.6236 cm q 0 0 0 rg BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (Iterating over the members of an enum does not provide the aliases:) Tj T* ET Q Q q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 441.4236 cm q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 6.6 6.6 cm q .662745 .662745 .662745 RG .5 w .960784 .960784 .862745 rg n -6 -6 468.6898 36 re B* Q q BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( list\(Shape\)) Tj T* ([) Tj (<) Tj (Shape.square: 2) Tj (>) Tj (, ) Tj (<) Tj (Shape.diamond: 1) Tj (>) Tj (, ) Tj (<) Tj (Shape.circle: 3) Tj (>) Tj (]) Tj T* ET Q Q Q Q Q q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 409.4236 cm q BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 1.307126 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The special attribute ) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (__members__ ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (is a dictionary mapping names to members. It includes all names) Tj T* 0 Tw (defined in the enumeration, including the aliases:) Tj T* ET Q Q q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 304.2236 cm q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 6.6 6.6 cm q .662745 .662745 .662745 RG .5 w .960784 .960784 .862745 rg n -6 -6 468.6898 96 re B* Q q BT 1 0 0 1 0 74 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( for name, member in sorted\(Shape.__members__.items\(\)\):) Tj T* (... name, member) Tj T* (...) Tj T* (\('alias_for_square', ) Tj (<) Tj (Shape.square: 2) Tj (>) Tj (\)) Tj T* (\('circle', ) Tj (<) Tj (Shape.circle: 3) Tj (>) Tj (\)) Tj T* (\('diamond', ) Tj (<) Tj (Shape.diamond: 1) Tj (>) Tj (\)) Tj T* (\('square', ) Tj (<) Tj (Shape.square: 2) Tj (>) Tj (\)) Tj T* ET Q Q Q Q Q q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 272.2236 cm q BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm .080751 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The ) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (__members__ ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (attribute can be used for detailed programmatic access to the enumeration members.) Tj T* 0 Tw (For example, finding all the aliases:) Tj T* ET Q Q q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 227.0236 cm q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 6.6 6.6 cm q .662745 .662745 .662745 RG .5 w .960784 .960784 .862745 rg n -6 -6 486 36 re B* Q q BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( [name for name, member in Shape.__members__.items\(\) if member.name != name]) Tj T* (['alias_for_square']) Tj T* ET Q Q Q Q Q q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 194.0236 cm q BT 1 0 0 1 0 3.5 Tm 21 TL /F3 17.5 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Comparisons) Tj T* ET Q Q q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 176.0236 cm q 0 0 0 rg BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (Enumeration members are compared by identity:) Tj T* ET Q Q q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 82.82362 cm q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 6.6 6.6 cm q .662745 .662745 .662745 RG .5 w .960784 .960784 .862745 rg n -6 -6 468.6898 84 re B* Q q BT 1 0 0 1 0 62 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( Color.red is Color.red) Tj T* (True) Tj T* (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( Color.red is Color.blue) Tj T* (False) Tj T* (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( Color.red is not Color.blue) Tj T* (True) Tj T* ET Q Q Q Q Q endstream endobj 60 0 obj << /Length 4521 >> stream 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm BT /F1 12 Tf 14.4 TL ET q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 741.0236 cm q BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 1.131647 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Ordered comparisons between enumeration values are ) Tj /F5 10 Tf (not ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (supported. Enum members are not integers) Tj T* 0 Tw (\(but see ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (IntEnum ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (below\):) Tj T* ET Q Q q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 671.8236 cm q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 6.6 6.6 cm q .662745 .662745 .662745 RG .5 w .960784 .960784 .862745 rg n -6 -6 468.6898 60 re B* Q q BT 1 0 0 1 0 38 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( Color.red ) Tj (<) Tj ( Color.blue) Tj T* (Traceback \(most recent call last\):) Tj T* ( File ") Tj (<) Tj (stdin) Tj (>) Tj (", line 1, in ) Tj (<) Tj (module) Tj (>) Tj T* (TypeError: unorderable types: Color\(\) ) Tj (<) Tj ( Color\(\)) Tj T* ET Q Q Q Q Q q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 651.8236 cm Q q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 568.8236 cm .960784 .960784 .862745 rg n 0 83 469.8898 -83 re f* 0 0 0 rg BT /F1 10 Tf 12 TL ET BT 1 0 0 1 6 57 Tm T* ET q 1 0 0 1 16 52 cm q 0 0 0 rg BT 1 0 0 1 0 2.5 Tm /F6 12.5 Tf 15 TL (Warning) Tj T* ET Q Q q 1 0 0 1 16 16 cm q BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm .189398 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (In Python 2 ) Tj /F5 10 Tf (everything ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is ordered, even though the ordering may not make sense. If you want your) Tj T* 0 Tw (enumerations to have a sensible ordering check out the ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (OrderedEnum ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (recipe below.) Tj T* ET Q Q q 1 J 1 j .662745 .662745 .662745 RG .5 w n 0 83 m 469.8898 83 l S n 0 0 m 469.8898 0 l S n 0 0 m 0 83 l S n 469.8898 0 m 469.8898 83 l S Q Q q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 562.8236 cm Q q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 544.8236 cm q 0 0 0 rg BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (Equality comparisons are defined though:) Tj T* ET Q Q q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 451.6236 cm q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 6.6 6.6 cm q .662745 .662745 .662745 RG .5 w .960784 .960784 .862745 rg n -6 -6 468.6898 84 re B* Q q BT 1 0 0 1 0 62 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( Color.blue == Color.red) Tj T* (False) Tj T* (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( Color.blue != Color.red) Tj T* (True) Tj T* (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( Color.blue == Color.blue) Tj T* (True) Tj T* ET Q Q Q Q Q q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 419.6236 cm q BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 2.582706 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Comparisons against non-enumeration values will always compare not equal \(again, ) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (IntEnum ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (was) Tj T* 0 Tw (explicitly designed to behave differently, see below\):) Tj T* ET Q Q q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 374.4236 cm q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 6.6 6.6 cm q .662745 .662745 .662745 RG .5 w .960784 .960784 .862745 rg n -6 -6 468.6898 36 re B* Q q BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( Color.blue == 2) Tj T* (False) Tj T* ET Q Q Q Q Q q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 341.4236 cm q BT 1 0 0 1 0 3.5 Tm 21 TL /F3 17.5 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Allowed members and attributes of enumerations) Tj T* ET Q Q q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 287.4236 cm q BT 1 0 0 1 0 38 Tm 2.755697 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The examples above use integers for enumeration values. Using integers is short and handy \(and) Tj T* 0 Tw .241751 Tw (provided by default by the ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (Functional API) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\), but not strictly enforced. In the vast majority of use-cases, one) Tj T* 0 Tw .848221 Tw (doesn't care what the actual value of an enumeration is. But if the value ) Tj /F5 10 Tf (is ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (important, enumerations can) Tj T* 0 Tw (have arbitrary values.) Tj T* ET Q Q q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 257.4236 cm q 0 0 0 rg BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL .638735 Tw (Enumerations are Python classes, and can have methods and special methods as usual. If we have this) Tj T* 0 Tw (enumeration:) Tj T* ET Q Q q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 80.22362 cm q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 6.6 6.6 cm q .662745 .662745 .662745 RG .5 w .960784 .960784 .862745 rg n -6 -6 468.6898 168 re B* Q q BT 1 0 0 1 0 146 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( class Mood\(Enum\):) Tj T* (... funky = 1) Tj T* (... happy = 3) Tj T* (...) Tj T* (... def describe\(self\):) Tj T* (... # self is the member here) Tj T* (... return self.name, self.value) Tj T* (...) Tj T* (... def __str__\(self\):) Tj T* (... return 'my custom str! {0}'.format\(self.value\)) Tj T* (...) Tj T* (... @classmethod) Tj T* (... def favorite_mood\(cls\):) Tj T* ET Q Q Q Q Q endstream endobj 61 0 obj << /Length 4627 >> stream 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm BT /F1 12 Tf 14.4 TL ET q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 727.8236 cm q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 6.6 6.6 cm q .662745 .662745 .662745 RG .5 w .960784 .960784 .862745 rg n -6 -6 468.6898 36 re B* Q q BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (... # cls here is the enumeration) Tj T* (... return cls.happy) Tj T* ET Q Q Q Q Q q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 707.8236 cm q 0 0 0 rg BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (Then:) Tj T* ET Q Q q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 614.6236 cm q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 6.6 6.6 cm q .662745 .662745 .662745 RG .5 w .960784 .960784 .862745 rg n -6 -6 468.6898 84 re B* Q q BT 1 0 0 1 0 62 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( Mood.favorite_mood\(\)) Tj T* (<) Tj (Mood.happy: 3) Tj (>) Tj T* (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( Mood.happy.describe\(\)) Tj T* (\('happy', 3\)) Tj T* (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( str\(Mood.funky\)) Tj T* ('my custom str! 1') Tj T* ET Q Q Q Q Q q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 558.6236 cm q BT 1 0 0 1 0 38 Tm 3.14186 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The rules for what is allowed are as follows: _sunder_ names \(starting and ending with a single) Tj T* 0 Tw .310651 Tw (underscore\) are reserved by enum and cannot be used; all other attributes defined within an enumeration) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.199213 Tw (will become members of this enumeration, with the exception of ) Tj /F5 10 Tf (__dunder__ ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (names and descriptors) Tj T* 0 Tw (\(methods are also descriptors\).) Tj T* ET Q Q q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 540.6236 cm q 0 0 0 rg BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (Note:) Tj T* ET Q Q q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 534.6236 cm Q q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 510.6236 cm 0 0 0 rg BT /F1 10 Tf 12 TL ET BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm T* ET q 1 0 0 1 20 0 cm q BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm .979213 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (If your enumeration defines ) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (__new__ ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (and/or ) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (__init__ ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (then whatever value\(s\) were given to the) Tj T* 0 Tw (enum member will be passed into those methods. See ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (Planet ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (for an example.) Tj T* ET Q Q q Q Q q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 510.6236 cm Q q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 477.6236 cm q BT 1 0 0 1 0 3.5 Tm 21 TL /F3 17.5 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Restricted subclassing of enumerations) Tj T* ET Q Q q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 447.6236 cm q 0 0 0 rg BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL .778735 Tw (Subclassing an enumeration is allowed only if the enumeration does not define any members. So this is) Tj T* 0 Tw (forbidden:) Tj T* ET Q Q q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 366.4236 cm q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 6.6 6.6 cm q .662745 .662745 .662745 RG .5 w .960784 .960784 .862745 rg n -6 -6 468.6898 72 re B* Q q BT 1 0 0 1 0 50 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( class MoreColor\(Color\):) Tj T* (... pink = 17) Tj T* (Traceback \(most recent call last\):) Tj T* (...) Tj T* (TypeError: Cannot extend enumerations) Tj T* ET Q Q Q Q Q q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 346.4236 cm q 0 0 0 rg BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (But this is allowed:) Tj T* ET Q Q q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 229.2236 cm q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 6.6 6.6 cm q .662745 .662745 .662745 RG .5 w .960784 .960784 .862745 rg n -6 -6 468.6898 108 re B* Q q BT 1 0 0 1 0 86 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( class Foo\(Enum\):) Tj T* (... def some_behavior\(self\):) Tj T* (... pass) Tj T* (...) Tj T* (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( class Bar\(Foo\):) Tj T* (... happy = 1) Tj T* (... sad = 2) Tj T* (...) Tj T* ET Q Q Q Q Q q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 185.2236 cm q BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm .127984 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Allowing subclassing of enums that define members would lead to a violation of some important invariants) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.889985 Tw (of types and instances. On the other hand, it makes sense to allow sharing some common behavior) Tj T* 0 Tw (between a group of enumerations. \(See ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (OrderedEnum ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (for an example.\)) Tj T* ET Q Q q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 152.2236 cm q BT 1 0 0 1 0 3.5 Tm 21 TL /F3 17.5 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Pickling) Tj T* ET Q Q q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 134.2236 cm q 0 0 0 rg BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (Enumerations can be pickled and unpickled:) Tj T* ET Q Q q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 89.02362 cm q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 6.6 6.6 cm q .662745 .662745 .662745 RG .5 w .960784 .960784 .862745 rg n -6 -6 468.6898 36 re B* Q q BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( from enum.test_enum import Fruit) Tj T* (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( from pickle import dumps, loads) Tj T* ET Q Q Q Q Q endstream endobj 62 0 obj << /Length 5372 >> stream 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm BT /F1 12 Tf 14.4 TL ET q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 727.8236 cm q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 6.6 6.6 cm q .662745 .662745 .662745 RG .5 w .960784 .960784 .862745 rg n -6 -6 468.6898 36 re B* Q q BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( Fruit.tomato is loads\(dumps\(Fruit.tomato, 2\)\)) Tj T* (True) Tj T* ET Q Q Q Q Q q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 695.8236 cm q 0 0 0 rg BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 1.256457 Tw (The usual restrictions for pickling apply: picklable enums must be defined in the top level of a module,) Tj T* 0 Tw (since unpickling requires them to be importable from that module.) Tj T* ET Q Q q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 677.8236 cm q 0 0 0 rg BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (Note:) Tj T* ET Q Q q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 671.8236 cm Q q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 647.8236 cm 0 0 0 rg BT /F1 10 Tf 12 TL ET BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm T* ET q 1 0 0 1 20 0 cm q 0 0 0 rg BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL .081163 Tw (With pickle protocol version 4 \(introduced in Python 3.4\) it is possible to easily pickle enums nested in) Tj T* 0 Tw (other classes.) Tj T* ET Q Q q Q Q q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 647.8236 cm Q q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 614.8236 cm q BT 1 0 0 1 0 3.5 Tm 21 TL /F3 17.5 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Functional API) Tj T* ET Q Q q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 596.8236 cm q BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The ) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Enum ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (class is callable, providing the following functional API:) Tj T* ET Q Q q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 467.6236 cm q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 6.6 6.6 cm q .662745 .662745 .662745 RG .5 w .960784 .960784 .862745 rg n -6 -6 468.6898 120 re B* Q q BT 1 0 0 1 0 98 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( Animal = Enum\('Animal', 'ant bee cat dog'\)) Tj T* (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( Animal) Tj T* (<) Tj (enum 'Animal') Tj (>) Tj T* (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( Animal.ant) Tj T* (<) Tj (Animal.ant: 1) Tj (>) Tj T* (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( Animal.ant.value) Tj T* (1) Tj T* (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( list\(Animal\)) Tj T* ([) Tj (<) Tj (Animal.ant: 1) Tj (>) Tj (, ) Tj (<) Tj (Animal.bee: 2) Tj (>) Tj (, ) Tj (<) Tj (Animal.cat: 3) Tj (>) Tj (, ) Tj (<) Tj (Animal.dog: 4) Tj (>) Tj (]) Tj T* ET Q Q Q Q Q q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 435.6236 cm q BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm .602209 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The semantics of this API resemble ) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (namedtuple) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (. The first argument of the call to ) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Enum ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (is the name of) Tj T* 0 Tw (the enumeration.) Tj T* ET Q Q q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 369.6236 cm q BT 1 0 0 1 0 50 Tm 1.326412 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The second argument is the ) Tj /F5 10 Tf (source ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (of enumeration member names. It can be a whitespace-separated) Tj T* 0 Tw .993516 Tw (string of names, a sequence of names, a sequence of 2-tuples with key/value pairs, or a mapping \(e.g.) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.168555 Tw (dictionary\) of names to values. The last two options enable assigning arbitrary values to enumerations;) Tj T* 0 Tw .537485 Tw (the others auto-assign increasing integers starting with 1. A new class derived from ) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Enum ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (is returned. In) Tj T* 0 Tw (other words, the above assignment to ) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Animal ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (is equivalent to:) Tj T* ET Q Q q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 288.4236 cm q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 6.6 6.6 cm q .662745 .662745 .662745 RG .5 w .960784 .960784 .862745 rg n -6 -6 468.6898 72 re B* Q q BT 1 0 0 1 0 50 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( class Animals\(Enum\):) Tj T* (... ant = 1) Tj T* (... bee = 2) Tj T* (... cat = 3) Tj T* (... dog = 4) Tj T* ET Q Q Q Q Q q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 232.4236 cm q 0 0 0 rg BT 1 0 0 1 0 38 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 1.239984 Tw (Pickling enums created with the functional API can be tricky as frame stack implementation details are) Tj T* 0 Tw .937132 Tw (used to try and figure out which module the enumeration is being created in \(e.g. it will fail if you use a) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.321163 Tw (utility function in separate module, and also may not work on IronPython or Jython\). The solution is to) Tj T* 0 Tw (specify the module name explicitly as follows:) Tj T* ET Q Q q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 199.2236 cm q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 6.6 6.6 cm q .662745 .662745 .662745 RG .5 w .960784 .960784 .862745 rg n -6 -6 468.6898 24 re B* Q q BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( Animals = Enum\('Animals', 'ant bee cat dog', module=__name__\)) Tj T* ET Q Q Q Q Q q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 166.2236 cm q BT 1 0 0 1 0 3.5 Tm 21 TL /F3 17.5 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Derived Enumerations) Tj T* ET Q Q q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 136.2236 cm q BT 1 0 0 1 0 3 Tm 18 TL /F3 15 Tf 0 0 0 rg (IntEnum) Tj T* ET Q Q q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 94.22362 cm q BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm 1.99832 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (A variation of ) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Enum ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (is provided which is also a subclass of ) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (int) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (. Members of an ) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (IntEnum ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (can be) Tj T* 0 Tw .087984 Tw (compared to integers; by extension, integer enumerations of different types can also be compared to each) Tj T* 0 Tw (other:) Tj T* ET Q Q endstream endobj 63 0 obj << /Length 4141 >> stream 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm BT /F1 12 Tf 14.4 TL ET q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 571.8236 cm q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 6.6 6.6 cm q .662745 .662745 .662745 RG .5 w .960784 .960784 .862745 rg n -6 -6 468.6898 192 re B* Q q BT 1 0 0 1 0 170 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( from enum import IntEnum) Tj T* (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( class Shape\(IntEnum\):) Tj T* (... circle = 1) Tj T* (... square = 2) Tj T* (...) Tj T* (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( class Request\(IntEnum\):) Tj T* (... post = 1) Tj T* (... get = 2) Tj T* (...) Tj T* (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( Shape == 1) Tj T* (False) Tj T* (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( Shape.circle == 1) Tj T* (True) Tj T* (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( Shape.circle == Request.post) Tj T* (True) Tj T* ET Q Q Q Q Q q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 551.8236 cm q BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (However, they still can't be compared to standard ) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Enum ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (enumerations:) Tj T* ET Q Q q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 410.6236 cm q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 6.6 6.6 cm q .662745 .662745 .662745 RG .5 w .960784 .960784 .862745 rg n -6 -6 468.6898 132 re B* Q q BT 1 0 0 1 0 110 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( class Shape\(IntEnum\):) Tj T* (... circle = 1) Tj T* (... square = 2) Tj T* (...) Tj T* (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( class Color\(Enum\):) Tj T* (... red = 1) Tj T* (... green = 2) Tj T* (...) Tj T* (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( Shape.circle == Color.red) Tj T* (False) Tj T* ET Q Q Q Q Q q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 390.6236 cm q BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (IntEnum ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (values behave like integers in other ways you'd expect:) Tj T* ET Q Q q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 297.4236 cm q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 6.6 6.6 cm q .662745 .662745 .662745 RG .5 w .960784 .960784 .862745 rg n -6 -6 468.6898 84 re B* Q q BT 1 0 0 1 0 62 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( int\(Shape.circle\)) Tj T* (1) Tj T* (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( ['a', 'b', 'c'][Shape.circle]) Tj T* ('b') Tj T* (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( [i for i in range\(Shape.square\)]) Tj T* ([0, 1]) Tj T* ET Q Q Q Q Q q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 229.4236 cm q BT 1 0 0 1 0 50 Tm 1.197126 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (For the vast majority of code, ) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Enum ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (is strongly recommended, since ) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (IntEnum ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (breaks some semantic) Tj T* 0 Tw .793318 Tw (promises of an enumeration \(by being comparable to integers, and thus by transitivity to other unrelated) Tj T* 0 Tw .554985 Tw (enumerations\). It should be used only in special cases where there's no other choice; for example, when) Tj T* 0 Tw .746136 Tw (integer constants are replaced with enumerations and backwards compatibility is required with code that) Tj T* 0 Tw (still expects integers.) Tj T* ET Q Q q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 199.4236 cm q BT 1 0 0 1 0 3 Tm 18 TL /F3 15 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Others) Tj T* ET Q Q q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 181.4236 cm q BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (While ) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (IntEnum ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (is part of the ) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (enum ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (module, it would be very simple to implement independently:) Tj T* ET Q Q q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 136.2236 cm q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 6.6 6.6 cm q .662745 .662745 .662745 RG .5 w .960784 .960784 .862745 rg n -6 -6 468.6898 36 re B* Q q 0 0 0 rg BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm /F4 10 Tf 12 TL (class IntEnum\(int, Enum\):) Tj T* ( pass) Tj T* ET Q Q Q Q Q q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 104.2236 cm q BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm .361412 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (This demonstrates how similar derived enumerations can be defined; for example a ) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (StrEnum ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (that mixes) Tj T* 0 Tw (in ) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (str ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (instead of ) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (int) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (.) Tj T* ET Q Q q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 86.22362 cm q 0 0 0 rg BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (Some rules:) Tj T* ET Q Q q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 80.22362 cm Q q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 80.22362 cm Q endstream endobj 64 0 obj << /Length 7108 >> stream 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm BT /F1 12 Tf 14.4 TL ET q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 741.0236 cm 0 0 0 rg BT /F1 10 Tf 12 TL ET q 1 0 0 1 6 9 cm q 0 0 0 rg BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 5.66 0 Td (1.) Tj T* -5.66 0 Td ET Q Q q 1 0 0 1 23 -3 cm q BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm .477318 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (When subclassing ) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Enum) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (, mix-in types must appear before ) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Enum ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (itself in the sequence of bases, as) Tj T* 0 Tw (in the ) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (IntEnum ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (example above.) Tj T* ET Q Q q Q Q q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 735.0236 cm Q q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 699.0236 cm 0 0 0 rg BT /F1 10 Tf 12 TL ET q 1 0 0 1 6 21 cm q 0 0 0 rg BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 5.66 0 Td (2.) Tj T* -5.66 0 Td ET Q Q q 1 0 0 1 23 -3 cm q BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm 1.147045 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (While ) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Enum ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (can have members of any type, once you mix in an additional type, all the members) Tj T* 0 Tw .420574 Tw (must have values of that type, e.g. ) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (int ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (above. This restriction does not apply to mix-ins which only) Tj T* 0 Tw (add methods and don't specify another data type such as ) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (int ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (or ) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (str) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (.) Tj T* ET Q Q q Q Q q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 693.0236 cm Q q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 669.0236 cm 0 0 0 rg BT /F1 10 Tf 12 TL ET q 1 0 0 1 6 9 cm q 0 0 0 rg BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 5.66 0 Td (3.) Tj T* -5.66 0 Td ET Q Q q 1 0 0 1 23 -3 cm q BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm .100542 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (When another data type is mixed in, the ) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (value ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (attribute is ) Tj /F5 10 Tf (not the same ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (as the enum member itself,) Tj T* 0 Tw (although it is equivalant and will compare equal.) Tj T* ET Q Q q Q Q q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 663.0236 cm Q q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 609.0236 cm 0 0 0 rg BT /F1 10 Tf 12 TL ET q 1 0 0 1 6 39 cm q 0 0 0 rg BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 5.66 0 Td (4.) Tj T* -5.66 0 Td ET Q Q q 1 0 0 1 23 27 cm q BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 1.85998 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (%-style formatting: ) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (%s ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (and ) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (%r ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (call ) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Enum) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ('s ) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (__str__ ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (and ) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (__repr__ ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (respectively; other codes) Tj T* 0 Tw (\(such as ) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (%i ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (or ) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (%h ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (for IntEnum\) treat the enum member as its mixed-in type.) Tj T* ET Q Q q 1 0 0 1 23 -3 cm q BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm .067045 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Note: Prior to Python 3.4 there is a bug in ) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (str) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ('s %-formatting: ) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (int ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (subclasses are printed as strings) Tj T* 0 Tw (and not numbers when the ) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (%d) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (, ) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (%i) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (, or ) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (%u ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (codes are used.) Tj T* ET Q Q q Q Q q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 603.0236 cm Q q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 579.0236 cm 0 0 0 rg BT /F1 10 Tf 12 TL ET q 1 0 0 1 6 9 cm q 0 0 0 rg BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 5.66 0 Td (5.) Tj T* -5.66 0 Td ET Q Q q 1 0 0 1 23 -3 cm q BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 1.880751 Tw 12 TL /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (str.__format__ ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\(or ) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (format) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\) will use the mixed-in type's ) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (__format__) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (. If the ) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Enum) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ('s ) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (str ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (or) Tj T* 0 Tw /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (repr ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (is desired use the ) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (!s ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (or ) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (!r) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (str ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (format codes.) Tj T* ET Q Q q Q Q q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 579.0236 cm Q q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 546.0236 cm q BT 1 0 0 1 0 3.5 Tm 21 TL /F3 17.5 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Decorators) Tj T* ET Q Q q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 516.0236 cm q BT 1 0 0 1 0 3 Tm 18 TL /F3 15 Tf 0 0 0 rg (unique) Tj T* ET Q Q q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 486.0236 cm q BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm .287251 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (A ) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (class ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (decorator specifically for enumerations. It searches an enumeration's ) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (__members__ ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (gathering) Tj T* 0 Tw (any aliases it finds; if any are found ) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (ValueError ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (is raised with the details:) Tj T* ET Q Q q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 368.8236 cm q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 6.6 6.6 cm q .662745 .662745 .662745 RG .5 w .960784 .960784 .862745 rg n -6 -6 468.6898 108 re B* Q q BT 1 0 0 1 0 86 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( @unique) Tj T* (... class NoDupes\(Enum\):) Tj T* (... first = 'one') Tj T* (... second = 'two') Tj T* (... third = 'two') Tj T* (Traceback \(most recent call last\):) Tj T* (...) Tj T* (ValueError: duplicate names found in ) Tj (<) Tj (enum 'NoDupes') Tj (>) Tj (: third -) Tj (>) Tj ( second) Tj T* ET Q Q Q Q Q q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 335.8236 cm q BT 1 0 0 1 0 3.5 Tm 21 TL /F3 17.5 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Interesting examples) Tj T* ET Q Q q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 293.8236 cm q BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm .593735 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (While ) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Enum ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (and ) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (IntEnum ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (are expected to cover the majority of use-cases, they cannot cover them all.) Tj T* 0 Tw .897045 Tw (Here are recipes for some different types of enumerations that can be used directly, or as examples for) Tj T* 0 Tw (creating one's own.) Tj T* ET Q Q q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 263.8236 cm q BT 1 0 0 1 0 3 Tm 18 TL /F3 15 Tf 0 0 0 rg (AutoNumber) Tj T* ET Q Q q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 245.8236 cm q 0 0 0 rg BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (Avoids having to specify the value for each enumeration member:) Tj T* ET Q Q q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 80.62362 cm q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 6.6 6.6 cm q .662745 .662745 .662745 RG .5 w .960784 .960784 .862745 rg n -6 -6 468.6898 156 re B* Q q BT 1 0 0 1 0 134 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( class AutoNumber\(Enum\):) Tj T* (... def __new__\(cls\):) Tj T* (... value = len\(cls.__members__\) + 1) Tj T* (... obj = object.__new__\(cls\)) Tj T* (... obj._value_ = value) Tj T* (... return obj) Tj T* (...) Tj T* (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( class Color\(AutoNumber\):) Tj T* (... __order__ = "red green blue" # only needed in 2.x) Tj T* (... red = \(\)) Tj T* (... green = \(\)) Tj T* (... blue = \(\)) Tj T* ET Q Q Q Q Q endstream endobj 65 0 obj << /Length 4158 >> stream 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm BT /F1 12 Tf 14.4 TL ET q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 715.8236 cm q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 6.6 6.6 cm q .662745 .662745 .662745 RG .5 w .960784 .960784 .862745 rg n -6 -6 468.6898 48 re B* Q q BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (...) Tj T* (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( Color.green.value == 2) Tj T* (True) Tj T* ET Q Q Q Q Q q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 695.8236 cm q 0 0 0 rg BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (Note:) Tj T* ET Q Q q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 689.8236 cm Q q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 653.8236 cm 0 0 0 rg BT /F1 10 Tf 12 TL ET BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm T* ET q 1 0 0 1 20 0 cm q BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm .144104 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (__new__ ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (method, if defined, is used during creation of the Enum members; it is then replaced by) Tj T* 0 Tw .799985 Tw (Enum's ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (__new__ ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (which is used after class creation for lookup of existing members. Due to the way) Tj T* 0 Tw (Enums are supposed to behave, there is no way to customize Enum's ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (__new__) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (.) Tj T* ET Q Q q Q Q q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 653.8236 cm Q q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 623.8236 cm q BT 1 0 0 1 0 3 Tm 18 TL /F3 15 Tf 0 0 0 rg (UniqueEnum) Tj T* ET Q Q q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 605.8236 cm q 0 0 0 rg BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (Raises an error if a duplicate member name is found instead of creating an alias:) Tj T* ET Q Q q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 368.6236 cm q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 6.6 6.6 cm q .662745 .662745 .662745 RG .5 w .960784 .960784 .862745 rg n -6 -6 468.6898 228 re B* Q q BT 1 0 0 1 0 206 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( class UniqueEnum\(Enum\):) Tj T* (... def __init__\(self, *args\):) Tj T* (... cls = self.__class__) Tj T* (... if any\(self.value == e.value for e in cls\):) Tj T* (... a = self.name) Tj T* (... e = cls\(self.value\).name) Tj T* (... raise ValueError\() Tj T* (... "aliases not allowed in UniqueEnum: %r --) Tj (>) Tj ( %r") Tj T* (... % \(a, e\)\)) Tj T* (...) Tj T* (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( class Color\(UniqueEnum\):) Tj T* (... red = 1) Tj T* (... green = 2) Tj T* (... blue = 3) Tj T* (... grene = 2) Tj T* (Traceback \(most recent call last\):) Tj T* (...) Tj T* (ValueError: aliases not allowed in UniqueEnum: 'grene' --) Tj (>) Tj ( 'green') Tj T* ET Q Q Q Q Q q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 338.6236 cm q BT 1 0 0 1 0 3 Tm 18 TL /F3 15 Tf 0 0 0 rg (OrderedEnum) Tj T* ET Q Q q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 308.6236 cm q BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 1.335984 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (An ordered enumeration that is not based on ) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (IntEnum ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (and so maintains the normal ) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Enum ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (invariants) Tj T* 0 Tw (\(such as not being comparable to other enumerations\):) Tj T* ET Q Q q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 83.42362 cm q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 6.6 6.6 cm q .662745 .662745 .662745 RG .5 w .960784 .960784 .862745 rg n -6 -6 468.6898 216 re B* Q q BT 1 0 0 1 0 194 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( class OrderedEnum\(Enum\):) Tj T* (... def __ge__\(self, other\):) Tj T* (... if self.__class__ is other.__class__:) Tj T* (... return self._value_ ) Tj (>) Tj (= other._value_) Tj T* (... return NotImplemented) Tj T* (... def __gt__\(self, other\):) Tj T* (... if self.__class__ is other.__class__:) Tj T* (... return self._value_ ) Tj (>) Tj ( other._value_) Tj T* (... return NotImplemented) Tj T* (... def __le__\(self, other\):) Tj T* (... if self.__class__ is other.__class__:) Tj T* (... return self._value_ ) Tj (<) Tj (= other._value_) Tj T* (... return NotImplemented) Tj T* (... def __lt__\(self, other\):) Tj T* (... if self.__class__ is other.__class__:) Tj T* (... return self._value_ ) Tj (<) Tj ( other._value_) Tj T* (... return NotImplemented) Tj T* ET Q Q Q Q Q endstream endobj 66 0 obj << /Length 4039 >> stream 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm BT /F1 12 Tf 14.4 TL ET q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 619.8236 cm q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 6.6 6.6 cm q .662745 .662745 .662745 RG .5 w .960784 .960784 .862745 rg n -6 -6 468.6898 144 re B* Q q BT 1 0 0 1 0 122 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (...) Tj T* (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( class Grade\(OrderedEnum\):) Tj T* (... __ordered__ = 'A B C D F') Tj T* (... A = 5) Tj T* (... B = 4) Tj T* (... C = 3) Tj T* (... D = 2) Tj T* (... F = 1) Tj T* (...) Tj T* (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( Grade.C ) Tj (<) Tj ( Grade.A) Tj T* (True) Tj T* ET Q Q Q Q Q q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 589.8236 cm q BT 1 0 0 1 0 3 Tm 18 TL /F3 15 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Planet) Tj T* ET Q Q q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 571.8236 cm q BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (If ) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (__new__ ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (or ) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (__init__ ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (is defined the value of the enum member will be passed to those methods:) Tj T* ET Q Q q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 286.6236 cm q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 6.6 6.6 cm q .662745 .662745 .662745 RG .5 w .960784 .960784 .862745 rg n -6 -6 468.6898 276 re B* Q q BT 1 0 0 1 0 254 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( class Planet\(Enum\):) Tj T* (... MERCURY = \(3.303e+23, 2.4397e6\)) Tj T* (... VENUS = \(4.869e+24, 6.0518e6\)) Tj T* (... EARTH = \(5.976e+24, 6.37814e6\)) Tj T* (... MARS = \(6.421e+23, 3.3972e6\)) Tj T* (... JUPITER = \(1.9e+27, 7.1492e7\)) Tj T* (... SATURN = \(5.688e+26, 6.0268e7\)) Tj T* (... URANUS = \(8.686e+25, 2.5559e7\)) Tj T* (... NEPTUNE = \(1.024e+26, 2.4746e7\)) Tj T* (... def __init__\(self, mass, radius\):) Tj T* (... self.mass = mass # in kilograms) Tj T* (... self.radius = radius # in meters) Tj T* (... @property) Tj T* (... def surface_gravity\(self\):) Tj T* (... # universal gravitational constant \(m3 kg-1 s-2\)) Tj T* (... G = 6.67300E-11) Tj T* (... return G * self.mass / \(self.radius * self.radius\)) Tj T* (...) Tj T* (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( Planet.EARTH.value) Tj T* (\(5.976e+24, 6378140.0\)) Tj T* (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( Planet.EARTH.surface_gravity) Tj T* (9.802652743337129) Tj T* ET Q Q Q Q Q q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 253.6236 cm q BT 1 0 0 1 0 3.5 Tm 21 TL /F3 17.5 Tf 0 0 0 rg (How are Enums different?) Tj T* ET Q Q q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 223.6236 cm q 0 0 0 rg BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 2.090651 Tw (Enums have a custom metaclass that affects many aspects of both derived Enum classes and their) Tj T* 0 Tw (instances \(members\).) Tj T* ET Q Q q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 193.6236 cm q BT 1 0 0 1 0 3 Tm 18 TL /F3 15 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Enum Classes) Tj T* ET Q Q q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 127.6236 cm q BT 1 0 0 1 0 50 Tm 1.263615 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The ) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (EnumMeta ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (metaclass is responsible for providing the ) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (__contains__) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (, ) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (__dir__) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (, ) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (__iter__ ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (and) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.264724 Tw (other methods that allow one to do things with an ) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Enum ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (class that fail on a typical class, such as) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.594147 Tw /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (list\(Color\) ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (or ) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (some_var) Tj ( ) Tj (in) Tj ( ) Tj (Color) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (. ) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (EnumMeta ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (is responsible for ensuring that various other) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.196905 Tw (methods on the final ) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Enum ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (class are correct \(such as ) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (__new__) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (, ) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (__getnewargs__) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (, ) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (__str__ ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (and) Tj T* 0 Tw /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (__repr__) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\).) Tj T* ET Q Q q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 115.6236 cm Q endstream endobj 67 0 obj << /Length 5416 >> stream 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm BT /F1 12 Tf 14.4 TL ET q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 682.0236 cm .960784 .960784 .862745 rg n 0 83 469.8898 -83 re f* 0 0 0 rg BT /F1 10 Tf 12 TL ET BT 1 0 0 1 6 57 Tm T* ET q 1 0 0 1 16 52 cm q 0 0 0 rg BT 1 0 0 1 0 2.5 Tm /F6 12.5 Tf 15 TL (Note) Tj T* ET Q Q q 1 0 0 1 16 16 cm q BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm .686654 Tw 12 TL /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (__dir__ ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (is not changed in the Python 2 line as it messes up some of the decorators included in) Tj T* 0 Tw (the stdlib.) Tj T* ET Q Q q 1 J 1 j .662745 .662745 .662745 RG .5 w n 0 83 m 469.8898 83 l S n 0 0 m 469.8898 0 l S n 0 0 m 0 83 l S n 469.8898 0 m 469.8898 83 l S Q Q q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 676.0236 cm Q q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 646.0236 cm q BT 1 0 0 1 0 3 Tm 18 TL /F3 15 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Enum Members \(aka instances\)) Tj T* ET Q Q q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 604.0236 cm q BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm .491984 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The most interesting thing about Enum members is that they are singletons. ) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (EnumMeta ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (creates them all) Tj T* 0 Tw .084988 Tw (while it is creating the ) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Enum ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (class itself, and then puts a custom ) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (__new__ ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (in place to ensure that no new) Tj T* 0 Tw (ones are ever instantiated by returning only the existing member instances.) Tj T* ET Q Q q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 574.0236 cm q BT 1 0 0 1 0 3 Tm 18 TL /F3 15 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Finer Points) Tj T* ET Q Q q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 532.0236 cm q BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm 5.488555 Tw 12 TL /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Enum ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (members are instances of an ) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Enum ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (class, and even though they are accessible as) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.129318 Tw /F5 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (EnumClass.member) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (, they should not be accessed directly from the member as that lookup may fail or,) Tj T* 0 Tw (worse, return something besides the ) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Enum ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (member you were looking for \(changed in version 1.1.1\):) Tj T* ET Q Q q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 402.8236 cm q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 6.6 6.6 cm q .662745 .662745 .662745 RG .5 w .960784 .960784 .862745 rg n -6 -6 468.6898 120 re B* Q q BT 1 0 0 1 0 98 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( class FieldTypes\(Enum\):) Tj T* (... name = 0) Tj T* (... value = 1) Tj T* (... size = 2) Tj T* (...) Tj T* (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( FieldTypes.value.size) Tj T* (<) Tj (FieldTypes.size: 2) Tj (>) Tj T* (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( FieldTypes.size.value) Tj T* (2) Tj T* ET Q Q Q Q Q q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 382.8236 cm q BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Likewise, ) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (__members__ ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (is only available on the class.) Tj T* ET Q Q q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 328.8236 cm q BT 1 0 0 1 0 38 Tm 1.374651 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (In Python 3.x ) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (__members__ ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (is always an ) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (OrderedDict) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (, with the order being the definition order. In) Tj T* 0 Tw 3.009213 Tw (Python 2.7 ) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (__members__ ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (is an ) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (OrderedDict ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (if ) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (__order__ ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (was specified, and a plain ) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (dict) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.851318 Tw /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (otherwise. In all other Python 2.x versions ) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (__members__ ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (is a plain ) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (dict ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (even if ) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (__order__ ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (was) Tj T* 0 Tw (specified as the ) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (OrderedDict ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (type didn't exist yet.) Tj T* ET Q Q q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 298.8236 cm q BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm .106654 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (If you give your ) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Enum ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (subclass extra methods, like the ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (Planet ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (class above, those methods will show up in) Tj T* 0 Tw (a ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (dir ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (of the member, but not of the class:) Tj T* ET Q Q q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 217.6236 cm q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm q 1 0 0 1 6.6 6.6 cm q .662745 .662745 .662745 RG .5 w .960784 .960784 .862745 rg n -6 -6 468.6898 72 re B* Q q BT 1 0 0 1 0 50 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( dir\(Planet\)) Tj T* (['EARTH', 'JUPITER', 'MARS', 'MERCURY', 'NEPTUNE', 'SATURN', 'URANUS',) Tj T* ('VENUS', '__class__', '__doc__', '__members__', '__module__']) Tj T* (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( dir\(Planet.EARTH\)) Tj T* (['__class__', '__doc__', '__module__', 'name', 'surface_gravity', 'value']) Tj T* ET Q Q Q Q Q q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 173.6236 cm q BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm .938935 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (A ) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (__new__ ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (method will only be used for the creation of the ) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Enum ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (members -- after that it is replaced.) Tj T* 0 Tw .949461 Tw (This means if you wish to change how ) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Enum ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (members are looked up you either have to write a helper) Tj T* 0 Tw (function or a ) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (classmethod) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (.) 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